Brachylaimoidea is a superfamily of digenetic trematodes in the order Diplostomida.
|
|
Calicophoron daubneyi is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Paramphistomidae.
|
|
Life cycle of Leishmania donovani Leishmania donovani is a digenetic parasite passing its life cycle in two different hosts.
|
|
Spirorchiidae is a family of digenetic trematodes. Infestation by these trematodes leads to the disease spirorchiidiosis. Spirorchiids are mainly parasites of turtles.Snyder, S. D. (2004).
|
|
New genera of trematodes from marine fishes of India. Parazitologiya, 6(4), 346–350.Toman, G. (1992). Digenetic trematodes of marine teleost fishes from the Seychelles, Indian Ocean. III.
|
|
Galaktionov, K. V., & Dobrovolʹskiĭ, A. A. (2003). The biology and evolution of trematodes: An essay on the biology, morphology, life cycles, transmission, and evolution of digenetic trematodes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
|
|
The Schistosomatoidea are a superfamily of digenetic trematodes.Snyder, S. D. (2004). Phylogeny and paraphyly among tetrapod blood flukes (Digenea: Schistosomatidae and Spirorchiidae). International Journal for Parasitology 34(12), 1385-92.
|
|
Pseudopecoelus is a genus of trematodes in the family Opecoelidae. It has been synonymised with Neopecoelus Manter, 1947.Manter, H. W. (1947). The digenetic trematodes of marine fishes of Tortugas.
|
|
Parasites of Theodoxus jordani include two types of trematodes.Abdel-Hafez S. K. & Ismail N. S. (1983). "Larval stages of digenetic trematodes of Theodoxus jordani (Sowerby 1836) snails from Yarmouk River, Jordan". Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde 69(6): 789-796. .
|
|
Artyfechinostomum malayanum is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Echinostomatidae. The known first intermediate host of Artyfechinostomum malayanum include freshwater snails Indoplanorbis exustus and Gyraulus convexiusculus. The ceraciae can also infect gastropods Pila scutata, Lymnaea cumingiana and Digoniostoma pulchella.
|
|
Macroctopus maorum is preyed upon by fur seals, sea lions, pilot whales, other octopus and the northern royal albatross. Penguins such as yellow-eyed, fiordland crested and little blue penguin might prey on Macroctopus maorum as well. M. maorum hosts dicyemid mesozoans and digenetic trematodes as parasites.Stranks, T. N. (1998).
|
|
Gorgodera amplicava is a species of digenetic trematodes whose definitive hosts include amphibians. Its first intermediate host includes the fingernail clam, which is followed by a second intermediate host, which can be a snail, tadpole, or crayfish. Gorgodera is a distome, meaning its body includes two suckers, one oral and one ventral.
|
|
Pempheris xanthoptera is the type host of Microcotyle pempheri Microcotyle pempheri is a species of monogenean, parasitic on the gills of a marine fish. It belongs to the family Microcotylidae. Machida, M. & Azaki, J., 1977, Monogenetic and digenetic trematodes of the sweeper, Pempheris xanthoptera. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, s.
|
|
Transversotrematidae is a family of trematodes in the order Plagiorchiida. It is the only family in the superfamily Transversotrematoidea, which is the only superfmaily in the suborder Transversotremata. It has been synonymised with Circuitiocoeliidae Wang, 1981, Squamacolidae Pan & Wang, 1985,Pan, Jin-Pei & Wang, Wei-Jun (1985). An ectoparasitic, digenetic trematode Squamacola parvivitellaria gen.
|
|
Hypoderaeum conoideum is a species of digenetic trematodes in the family Echinostomatidae. The known first intermediate hosts of Hypoderaeum conoideum include the freshwater snails Planorbarius corneus, Indoplanorbis exustus, Lymnaea stagnalis, Lymnaea limosa, Radix ovata and Radix rubiginosa.. Other freshwater snail species were capable of being experimentally infected: Lymnaea tumida, Radix peregra and Stagnicola corvus.
|
|
Paramphistomum is a genus of parasitic flatworms belonging to the digenetic trematodes. It includes flukes which are mostly parasitising livestock ruminants, as well as some wild mammals. They are responsible for the serious disease called paramphistomiasis, also known as amphistomosis, especially in cattle and sheep. Its symptoms include profuse diarrhoea, anaemia, lethargy, and often result in death if untreated.
|
|
A micropyle is a pore in the membrane covering the ovum, through which a sperm enters. Micropyles are also found in sporozoites of some digenetic microorganisms such as Plasmodium at the anterior part of the cell that ultimately leads towards the apical cap. Examples of other organisms that have micropyles are the Bombyx mandarina and the Ceratitis capitata.
|
|
Schistosomatidae is a family of digenetic trematodes with complex parasitic life cycles. Immature developmental stages of schistosomes are found in molluscs and adults occur in vertebrates. The best studied group, the blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, infect and cause disease in humans. Other genera which are infective to non-human vertebrates can cause mild rashes in humans.
|
|
The adults of these acoelomate worms are common in the digestive tract, but are also found in other organs of vertebrates. The adult parasite attaches via a characteristic anterior adhesive organ with tentacles. This organ is recognized as a holdfast, which helps Bucephalus stayed attached to the hosts organs.Yamaguti, S.: Synopsis of digenetic trematodes of vertebrates Keigaku Publishing Company.
|
|
The genus was described in 2004 by George Poinar Jr. and Robert Poinar in the journal Protist from amastigotes, promastigotes and paramastigotes preserved with a blood engorged female Palaeomyia burmitis sandfly preserved in Burmese amber. The species was named Paleoleishmania proterus and the genus was erected for fossil digenetic trypanosomes. P. proterus was the first kinetoplastid to be described from the fossil record.
|
|
The name Bucephalus, meaning "ox head", was originally applied to the genus Bucephalus because of the horn-like appearance of the forked tail (furcae) of its cercaria larva. By what Manter calls a "curious circumstance", horns are also suggested by the long tentacles of adult worms.Manter, H. W. (1940). Digenetic trematodes of fishes from the Galapagos Islands and the neighboring Pacific.
|
|
S. haematobium is a digenetic trematode found in Africa and the Middle East. It is the major agent of schistosomiasis, the most prevalent parasitic infection in humans. It is the only blood fluke that infects the urinary tract, causing urinary schistosomiasis, and is the leading cause of bladder cancer (only next to tobacco smoking). Its life cycle is transmission between humans and freshwater snail, species of Bulinus.
|
|
The adult flukes (Fasciola hepatica: up to 30 mm by 13 mm; F. gigantica: up to 75 mm) reside in the large biliary ducts of the mammalian host. Fasciola hepatica infect various animal species, mostly herbivores. Fasciolosis is caused by two digenetic trematodes F. hepatica and F. gigantica. Adult flukes of both species are localized in the bile ducts of the liver or gallbladder.
|
|
Acanthoparyphium tyosenense is a species of digenetic trematodes in the family Himasthlidae. The first intermediate host of Acanthoparyphium tyosenense include marine snails Laguncula pulchella, Neverita didyma, Pirenella microptera, Pirenella cingulata, and Cerithideopsis largillierti. The second intermediate host of Acanthoparyphium tyosenense include marine bivalves Mactra veneriformis, Solen grandis, Solen strictus, Ruditapes philippinarum and a brackish water snail Clithon bicolor. The final hosts include also humans.
|
|
Schistosoma indicum is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae. The parasite is widespread in domestic animals in India and other Asian countries. Schistosoma indicum was discovered by the British scientist R. E. Montgomery, in 1906, from a horse from Mukteswar, Uttar Pradesh, India. This blood-fluke causes hepato-intestinal schistosomiasis in many domestic animals (sheep, goat, water buffalo, cattle, camel, horse, donkey, dog, but not pigs).
|
|
Schistosoma haematobium (urinary blood fluke) is a species of digenetic trematode, belonging to a group (genus) of blood flukes (Schistosoma). It is found in Africa and the Middle East. It is the major agent of schistosomiasis, the most prevalent parasitic infection in humans. It is the only blood fluke that infects the urinary tract, causing urinary schistosomiasis, and is the leading cause of bladder cancer (only next to tobacco smoking).
|
|
Excystment of the metacercariae occurs immediately upon reaching the mouth or crop of the bird and not in the stomach or intestine as in many other digenetic trematodes. Within three to five hours after ingestion, immature worms may be found in the esophagus, nasal passages, the orbit and the lobes of the lacrimal gland. Humans rarely serve as incidental hosts, but may do so when they ingest metacercariae on aquatic vegetation.
|
|
Flamingos and grebes do have a common ancestor, implying cospeciation of birds and lice in these groups. Flamingo lice then switched hosts to ducks, creating the situation which had confused biologists. The protozoan Toxoplasma gondii facilitates its transmission by inducing behavioral changes in rats through infection of neurons in their central nervous system. Parasites infect sympatric hosts (those within their same geographical area) more effectively, as has been shown with digenetic trematodes infecting lake snails.
|
|
That the species is digenetic excludes the Blastocrithidia as a possible genus placement for the species, while Endotrypanum is specific to sloths which are not known on Hispaniola past the Quaternary. The genus Phytomonas is excluded due to it being exclusively found in hemipterans. The paramastigotes range in size from 6 to 10 µm which is within the range for modern Leishmania species. There are several possible origins for the paramastigotes preserved in the proboscis.
|
|
Schistosoma nasale is a species of digenetic trematode in the family Schistosomatidae. S. nasale inhabits blood vessels of the nasal mucosa and causes "snoring disease" in cattle, but remains symptomless in buffaloes though extruding its eggs in nasal discharge.Dutt and Srivastava, 1962 The first intermediate host is a freshwater snail Indoplanorbis exustus that may be the sole natural intermediate host for Schistosoma nasale (and other two Schistosoma species) on the Indian sub-continent.
|
|
Asexual reproduction produces many daughter (secondary) sporocysts which are called cecariacysts, that eventually release cercariae. Unlike most digenetic trematodes, Bucephalus Polymorphus lacks a redial stage and thus emerges as a cecaria directly from the sporocyst stage. Rapid proliferation of sporocysts results in a knotted white mass of tubules, which is found primarily in the gonads of the mussel. Released from the infected mussels, cercariae attach to fish (second intermediate host), encyst, and transforms into metacercariae.
|
|
Humans are now considered as the accidental host because humans are not the primary requirement for the life cycle; pigs are recognised as the principal definitive host. Infection causes a helminthic disease called gastrodiscoidiasis. It is a digenetic trematode with a complex life cycle involving asexual reproduction in an intermediate host, presumably aquatic snails, and sexual reproduction in the vertebrate host. As a hermaphrodite, eggs are produced by self-fertilisation and are released along the faeces of the host.
|
|
The life cycle of T asiatica is indirect and digenetic, and is completed in humans as the definitive host, and the intermediate host is mostly pigs (including wild boar in Taiwan), and possibly cattle on rare occasion. The complete life cycle is shortest among human taenids. Humans ingest the infective larvae called cysticercus from raw or undercooked meat, or viscera of pigs. The adult worm inhabits the small intestine where it gets attached to the mucosa using its suckers and rostellar hooklets.
|
|
During the fly's struggle to escape from the resin, the alimentary tract was ruptured and some P. neotropicum flagellates leaked from there into the hemocoel. P. neotropicum and L. adiketis lived in an environment similar to modern moist tropical rain forests. The morphology of the compact kinetoplast, nucleus, and rear-facing flagellum indicate the species belongs in the family Trypanosomatidae. The preserved amastigotes are between 4 and 7 µm and their presence in the fly indicates the digenetic nature of the species.
|
|
Schistosoma bovis is a digenetic, two-host blood fluke in cattle. It is one of nine Schistosoma species that share a similar lifecycle in the mammals they infect, called the haematobium group of schistosomes. Hybrids between S. bovis and the human schistosome, Schistosoma haematobium were first described in 2009 in Northern Senegalese children, and to a lesser degree hybrids between S. bovis and cattle schistosome S. curassoni found only in cattle. S. bovis / S. haematobium hybrids were also found during the 2013 outbreak traced to the Cavu river on Corsica.
|
|
Digenetic trematodes are the most common of these parasites, with the more common of these species including Ototrema schildti and Plagiorchis vespertilionis. The little brown bat is also affected by ectoparasites (external parasites), including bat fleas such as Myodopsylla insignis, chiggers like Leptotrombidium myotis, and the bat mites Spinturnix americanus. When parasitizing a female bat, bat mites synchronize their reproductive cycle with that of their host, with their own reproduction tied to the host's pregnancy hormones. Lactating females have a higher intensity of parasitization by mites, which may promote vertical transmission--the transfer of mites to the bat's offspring.
|
|