She warned me over email that she loved confabulation, and sitting across from me she confirms it again: "I really have a love affair with confabulation, I love it," she tells me.
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Schnider is a neurologist who has been studying confabulation for more than 20 years, and his work has focused on confabulation as a result of focal brain damage, or damage to one small area of the brain.
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But confabulation can occur from syphilis, encephalitis, brain tumors, hypoxia, schizophrenia, dementia, and more.
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Presidential confabulation may offend or not, but it is not constrained by law as such.
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"Momentary or provoked confabulation occurs in situations where memory is weak for whatever reason," Kopelman says.
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Confabulation isn't just someone spouting nonsense, it's a true confusion of reality, of past memories and identities.
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From his decades of work, he's come up with a theory for confabulation called orbitofrontal reality filtering.
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Fotopoulou first began to work on confabulation during her first case study, a man from South Africa.
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The over-the-top confabulation drove Modernists mad and made Post-Modernists exult: the style wars were on.
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But this episode was symptomatic: even his love for me extended the fabric of his psychosis and confabulation.
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Kopelman thinks there are two types of confabulation, Coltheart thinks there are three, and Schnider thinks there are actually four.
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She went on to work with 22 patients with extreme forms of confabulation, and from them she had a realization.
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Michael Kopelman, a neuropsychiatrist from King's College London, tells me he thinks there needs to be a distinction between what he calls spontaneous confabulation, which is usually a result of damage to the brain—this is like Schnider's patients who spontaneously offer information that's not true—and momentary or provoked confabulation, like the panty-hose experiment.
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Coltheart maintains that confabulation is a more universal process, a "drive for causal understanding," and perhaps can be used to describe many things.
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There is another new intriguing theory that advocates for a motivational factor—arguing that content of the confabulation itself is driven by something.
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As I continue to sip my green tea—and believe I am tasting it—I can see why Fotopoulou is so enamored with confabulation.
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The field of confabulation doesn't just reveal how people with brain damage don't have a grasp on reality, it shows how we all don't.
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As long as novelists have done their research and honored accuracy where it counts, I'd rather learn from a confabulation than from a textbook.
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Ramachandran acknowledges that it's possible that these phantom experiences are confabulation, or distorted memories, but he lists seven reasons why he believes they're not.
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Moulin cautions that sometimes people use the phrase déjà vécu to describe patients that have memory delusions, the confabulation that everything is repeating—like his first patient.
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For future work, Schnider wants to use brain imaging to try and visualize the lack of a signal of the reality filtering process in people with confabulation.
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A long, narrow space without much of an architectural pedigree, it was, unlike some of the historic homes Mongiardino was handed that came with caveats, ripe for pure confabulation.
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Knowing these basics seems like a given, but the research on confabulation shows it is not, and further, that our grasp on reality may be more tenuous than we'd like to believe.
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Though the timeline is a little bit shifted, and there are some elements of intrigue that are pure (though logical) confabulation, many of the characters in the novel are real historical figures.
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That's because in many of his cases, confabulation isn't the result of a progressive disease (though it can be a component of one) but a result of traumatic brain injury, like aneurysm rupture, or encephalitis.
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Because of how many disorders and symptoms confabulation can denote, Kopelman thinks we should have a narrower definition: One that is distinct from delusions or conditions like anosognosia, because he worries they might have different underlying mechanisms.
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Among the guests were Tennessee Williams in boozy conversation with Truman Capote, Allen Ginsberg in knotty confabulation with John Cage, and Norman Mailer putting on a performance of knuckle-dragging machismo for the apparent benefit of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.
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A less jubilant Barnum, Donald Trump is also himself a fictional character: a television billionaire and tabloid playboy, a tissue-thin confabulation of theatricalized cultural resentments, like "All in the Family"'s so-wrong-you-can't-deny-I'm-right Archie Bunker.
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The basic setup is this: Lara is chasing down Trinity (a Dan Brown-like organization hell-bent on controlling the world through the acquisition of mystical artifacts) to the confabulation of what a town on the Mexican island of Cozumel should look like.
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Elon Musk confirms his bid to take Tesla private, backed by Saudi Arabia's sovereign wealth fund The financial regulator remains highly interested in Musk's confirmation fo funding and whether or not it is more than just a pipe dream more befitting a confabulation from Timothy Leary.
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What might have been a hard-nosed debate about Britain's future, about the pros and cons of EU membership, has turned into a poisonous row about the merits of what is ultimately Mr Farage's vision of England: a hazy confabulation of content without modernity; of warm beer, bowler hats, faces blackened by coal dust; of bread-and-dripping, fish-and-chips, hope-and-glory.
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The term confabulation is also used by Robert Hecht-Nielsen in describing inductive reasoning accomplished via Bayesian networks.Hecht-Nielsen, R (2005). "Cogent confabulation" . Neural Networks 18:111-115.
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At first it was thought that those with KS used confabulation to fill in memory gaps. However, it has been found that confabulation and amnesia do not necessarily co-occur. Studies have shown that there is dissociation between provoked confabulation, spontaneous confabulation (which is unprovoked), and false memories. That is, people affected could be led to believe certain things had happened which actually had not, but so could people without Korsakoff syndrome.
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Consequences that are seen less frequently are also varied. Confabulation may be the most frequently indicated "less common" effect. In the case of confabulation, someone gives false information while maintaining the belief that it is the truth. In a small number of patients, uncharacteristic cheerfulness can be noted.
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Confabulation is the confusion of imagination with memory, and/or the confusion of true memories with false memories.
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Hirstein draws heavily on the interaction between his philosophical training and his clinical experience in his 2005 book Brain Fiction to develop a comprehensive epistemic theory of the neural basis of confabulation, and argues that prefrontal executive processes fail to correct false memories or perceptions, resulting in a confabulation. Thus confabulation is a result of two errors, which may be caused by two separate brain lesions. First there is an error in memory or perception, and second, prefrontal executive processes fail to correct the error.
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A confabulation, also known as a false, degraded, or corrupted memory, is a stable pattern of activation in an artificial neural network or neural assembly that does not correspond to any previously learned patterns. The same term is also applied to the (nonartificial) neural mistake-making process leading to a false memory (confabulation).
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The concept of such opportunistic confabulation grew out of experiments with artificial neural networks that simulated brain cell apoptosis.Yam, P. (1995).
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Trust me, sir, I have already laughed more than beseems my cloth at your Homeric confabulation with yonder ragamuffin General of the rebels.
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False memories and confabulation, reporting events that did not occur, may reflect errors in source-monitoring. Confabulation can be a result of brain damage, but it can also be provoked by methods employed in memory exploration. Professionals such as therapists, police and lawyers must be aware of the malleability of memory and be wary of techniques that might promote false memory generation.
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1988 Mar;22(3):564-6. . psychopathology and frontal lobe pathology.Johnson MK, O'Connor M, Cantor J. Confabulation, memory deficits, and frontal dysfunction. Brain Cogn.
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False memories and confabulation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2(4), 137–145 Another area of concern regarding false memories is in cases of child abuse.
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It may be thought of as a converse of the form of anosognosia known as Anton–Babinski syndrome, in which there is full cortical blindness along with the confabulation of visual experience.
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Another study showed that cognitive interviewing proved to significantly increase the amount of correct information recalled in a group of 7 to 9 year olds, however, this group's amount of confabulation also increased.
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It appears that it is this process that is experiencing the dysfunction, which causes mild confabulation in some AD patients, as well as being related to the source amnesia experienced in some individuals with AD.
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Confabulation is used to select the expectancy of the concept that follows a particular context. This is not an Aristotelian deductive process, although it yields simple deduction when memory only holds unique events. However, most events and concepts occur in multiple, conflicting contexts and so confabulation yields a consensus of an expected event that may only be minimally more likely than many other events. However, given the winner take all constraint of the theory, that is the event/symbol/concept/attribute that is then expected.
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A similar test is being prepared in German. Proverbs have been used to evaluate dementia,Yamaguchi, Haruyasu; Yohko Maki, Tomoharu Yamaguchi. 2011. A figurative proverb test for dementia: rapid detection of disinhibition, excuse and confabulation, causing discommunication.
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Pop and Contemporary Fine Art is a contemporary art gallery located on Orchard Road,Yvonne Low, Pop and Contemporary Fine Art, Confabulation, August 2010. Central Region, Singapore, that resides on the third floor of Palais Renaissance.Palais Renaissance.Orchard Road, VisitSingapore .
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Korsakoff's syndrome is often characterized by confabulation, disorientation, and profound amnesia. Characteristics of the neuropathology are varied, but generally consist of bilaterally symmetrical midline lesions of brainstem areas, including the mammillary bodies, thalamus, periaqueductal region, hypothalamus, and the cerebellar vermis.
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Recollective confabulation is a rare disorder of recognition memory whereby the person feels that most events in daily life are repetitions of things which have happened before, something often described by carers and healthcare professionals as like chronic or persistent déjà vu.
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Yam, P. (1993). "Daisy, Daisy" Do computers have near-death experience, Scientific American, May 1993. Forms of confabulation in which missing or incomplete information is incorrectly filled in by the brain are generally modelled by the well known neural network process called pattern completion.
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Also, at the time it is meant to have occurred Beethoven was not residing in the Schwarzspanierhaus – but when Liszt told this story he was in his latter years, and his memory may have been a little foggy, if the story itself was not a confabulation.
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What A Piece of Work I Am (A Confabulation) is a novel by Eric Kraft. It is part of his ongoing project of interconnected fiction "The Personal History, Adventures, Experiences and Observations of Peter Leroy." The novel is narrated by Leroy, but mainly concerns his boyhood crush and sultry muse, Ariane Lodkcochnikov.
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This parallel computation on many contexts is postulated to occur in less than a tenth of a second. Confabulation grew out of vector analysis of data retrieval like that of latent semantic analysis and support vector machines. It is currently used to detect credit card fraud. It is being implemented computationally on parallel computers.
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Considerable attention has been devoted to suggestive questions and their effects. Experimental research by Elizabeth Loftus, an American psychologist and an expert on human memory, has established that trying to answer such questions can create confabulation in eyewitnesses.AS Psychology holah.co.uk Loftus conducted an experiment where participants all viewed the same video clip of a car crash.
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The most frequent cause of the syndrome is brain damage to the frontal lobe. Brain damage leading to the dysexecutive pattern of symptoms can result from physical trauma such as a blow to the head or a stroke Papagno, C., & Baddeley, A. (1997). "Confabulation in dysexecutive patient: implication for models of retrieval." Cortex, 33, 743–752.
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Moulin's current research interests focus on neuropsychological impairments of memory. In particular, he is interested in the interaction of executive function and long-term memory. Research themes include metacognition, inhibition, and the sensations of memory (déjà vu). Dr. Moulin has been involved in researching recollective confabulation, which was originally described as 'déjà vécu' (a term originally used by Arthur Funkhouser).
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A subject is likely to give explanations for their behavior (i.e. their preferences, attitudes, and ideas), but the subject tends to be inaccurate in this "insight." The false explanations of their own behavior is what psychologists call the introspection illusion. In some experiments, subjects provide explanations that are fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories, but not lies – a phenomenon called confabulation.
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The dysfunction can range from mild and subtle to severe and obvious. There is a tremendous variability in the manifestations of executive dysfunction with strong influences often apparent from the afflicted person's personality, life experiences and intellect. Individuals with DES may suffer from confabulation, which is the spontaneous reporting of events that never happened. This can affect their autobiographical memory.
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Thus, if the frontal region is damaged, these abilities will be impaired and memories may not be retrieved or evaluated correctly. For example, one patient who suffered frontal lobe damage after an automobile accident reported memories of the support his family provided for him after the accident, which in reality, was false.Conway, M. A., & Tacchi, P. C. (1996). Motivated confabulation.
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Korsakoff syndrome, characterised by memory impairment, confabulation, confusion and personality changes, has a strong and recognised link with WE. A very high percentage of patients with Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome also have peripheral neuropathy, and many alcoholics have this neuropathy without other neurologic signs or symptoms.Goldman: Cecil Medicine, Chapter 443, 2007, 23rd ed. Saunders, Elsevier. Korsakoff's occurs much more frequently in WE due to chronic alcoholism.
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Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is a severe neurological disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, and is usually associated with chronic excessive alcohol consumption. It is characterized clinically by oculomotor abnormalities, cerebellar dysfunction and an altered mental state. Korsakoff's syndrome is also characterized by profound amnesia, disorientation and frequent confabulation (making up or inventing information to compensate for poor memory).Family Caregiver Analysis. (2010).
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Pop and Contemporary Fine Art and its owner, Saskia Joosse have regularly contributed to several publications which include Home and Decor, The Billionaire, Confabulation and The Pocket Arts Guide.Saskia Joosse (editor), The Pocket Arts Guide, February 2011. In 2011, The Pocket Arts Guide,The Pocket Arts Guide . invited Saskia to be their guest editor for the February edition where she created a special feature on Pop art.
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This study suggests that cues may lead to intrusions because patients may have a difficult time distinguishing between cues and distractions, which may help explain why cues increase memory errors in patients with Alzheimer's. Since verbal intrusions are a common aspect of Alzheimer's,Kern, B.S., Gorp, W.G.V., Cummings, J.L., Brown, W.S., & Osato, S.S. (1992). Confabulation in Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Cognition, 19(2), 172–182.
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William Hirstein received his Ph.D. in philosophy at the University of California, Davis under the direction of Richard Wollheim.UC Davis Philosophy Department PhDs He then did post-doctoral work under the supervision of Patricia Churchland and Vilayanur S. Ramachandran at the University of California, San Diego, exploring neurological syndromes that lead to confabulation, such as in split-brain patients, and patients with anosognosia or Capgras delusion.
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An honest lie (or confabulation) is defined by verbal statements or actions that inaccurately describe history, background, and present situations. Perjury is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law, or in any of various sworn statements in writing. White lies are minor lies which could be considered to be harmless, or even beneficial, in the long term.
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He was a friend and confidant of magician and inventor Robert Harbin, and inherited many of Harbin's props after his death in 1978. Shaxon continued to perform a number of Harbin's illusions, including the "Blades of Opah II". Shaxon's signature effects included The Hydrostatic Glass, Confabulation, Thumb Tie, Aerial Fishing and the Human Gasometer. Shaxon appeared as a guest performer in Series 9 of The Paul Daniels Magic Show, airing in 1988.
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Acetylcholine affects the ability of brain cells to transmit information to one another, and also encourages neuronal plasticity, or learning. Thus, damage to the basal forebrain can reduce the amount of acetylcholine in the brain and impair learning. This may be one reason why basal forebrain damage can result in memory impairments such as amnesia and confabulation. One common cause of basal forebrain damage is an aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery.
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The method of conducting an interview has great implication on the accuracy of the testimony. When the person being interviewed is forced to provide more information, he/she is more likely to engage in confabulation. For example, when participants were shown a video and instructed to answer all questions (answerable and unanswerable) about its content, they often fabricated information. When prodded too much to remember something, people often fall upon false memories.
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False memories, sometimes referred to as confabulation, refer to the recollection of inaccurate details of an event, or recollection of a whole event that never occurred. Studies investigating this memory error have been able to successfully implant memories among participants that never existed, such as being lost in a mall as a child (termed the lost in the mall technique) or spilling a bowl of punch at a wedding reception.Loftus, E. (1997). Creating false memories.
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The cornerstone show continues to be held on the last Friday of every month and featured stand-up comedians in the first half until 2015. The second half of the show consisted of an entirely improvised comedy by "Spontaneous Confabulation" (known as "Spontaneous Confusion" until 2010), the resident improv troupe. The show usually ended with music-based improvisation. In 2015 the cornerstone show was rebranded ”The TCS Improvazilla Show” and changed to an all-improv format.
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Clinical diagnosis of Wernicke's disease cannot be made without evidence of ocular disturbance, yet these criteria may be too rigid. Korsakoff's syndrome likely represents a variation in the clinical manifestation of Wernicke encephalophathy, as they both share similar pathological origin. It is often characterized by confabulation, disorientation, and profound amnesia. Characteristics of the neuropathology are varied, but generally consist of bilaterally symmetrical midline lesions of brainstem areas, including the mammillary bodies, thalamus, periaqueductal region, hypothalamus, and the cerebellar vermis.
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In psychiatry, confabulation is a memory error defined as the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world, without the conscious intention to deceive. Psychotherapists tried to reveal “repressed memories” in mental therapy patients through “hypnosis, guided imagery, dream interpretation and narco-analysis” in the 1980s. The reasoning was that if abuse couldn't be remembered, then it needed to be recovered by the therapist. This type of therapy became popular in the 1990s.
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This process of confabulation feeds back into the perceptual process itself. Therefore, perception for the Buddhists is not just based on the senses but also on our desires, interests and concepts and hence it is in a way unrealistic and misleading.De Silva, Padmasiri; An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology, 4th edition, Palgrave Macmillan, pg 21. The goal of Buddhist practice is then to remove these distractions and gain knowledge of things as they are (yatha- bhuta ñānadassanam).
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Confabulation is central to a theory of cognition and consciousness by S. L. Thaler in which thoughts and ideas originate in both biological and synthetic neural networks as false or degraded memories nucleate upon various forms of neuronal and synaptic fluctuations and damage.Thaler, S. L. (1997a). U.S. 5,659,666, "Device for the Autonomous Generation of Useful Information", Issued 8/19/1997.Thaler, S. L. (1997b). "A Quantitative Model of Seminal Cognition: the creativity machine paradigm", Proceedings of the Mind II Conference, Dublin, Ireland, 1997.
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A delusion is a fixed belief that is not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence. As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information, confabulation, dogma, illusion, or some other misleading effects of perception. Delusions have been found to occur in the context of many pathological states (both general physical and mental) and are of particular diagnostic importance in psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, paraphrenia, manic episodes of bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression.
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For example, the false memories of Shazaam have been explained as a confabulation of memories of the comedian wearing a genie-like costume during a TV presentation of Sinbad the Sailor movies in 1994,28 December 1994, on the cable channel TNT; the marathon featured movies including Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977). and a similarly named 1996 film Kazaam featuring a genie played by Shaquille O'Neal. In addition, in 1960s, Hanna-Barbera had an animated series about a genie called Shazzan.
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Anton syndrome, also known as Anton's blindness and visual anosognosia, is a rare symptom of brain damage occurring in the occipital lobe. Those who have it are cortically blind, but affirm, often quite adamantly and in the face of clear evidence of their blindness, that they are capable of seeing. Failing to accept being blind, people with Anton syndrome dismiss evidence of their condition and employ confabulation to fill in the missing sensory input. It is named after the neurologist Gabriel Anton.
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The comedy drew from an Internet rumor confusing Shazaam with the real genie film titled Kazaam (1996), starring Shaquille O'Neal. The false memories of Shazaam have been explained as a confabulation of memories of the comedian wearing a genie-like costume during a TV presentation of Sinbad the Sailor movies in 1994,28 December 1994, on the cable channel TNT; the marathon featured movies including Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977). In addition, in 1960s, Hanna-Barbera had an animated series about a genie called Shazzan.
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Repeated questions can make people think their first answer is wrong and lead them to change their answer, or it can cause people to continuously answer until the interrogator gets the exact response that they desire. The diction used by the interviewer can also be an influencing factor to the response given by the interrogated individual. Experimental research by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has established that trying to answer such questions can create confabulation in eyewitnesses. For example, participants in an experiment may all view the same video clip of a car crash.
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He left the Washington Post and focused on researching and writing Modern History, especially military history non-fiction. In 1980 he received the Cornelius Ryan Award. A Polish-Israeli research team have suggested that much of what Kurzman wrote about the Warsaw Ghetto was actually tainted by the personal testimony of unreliable Polish witnesses most notably Henryk Iwanski, who deliberately magnified their own role in wartime Warsaw. Dariusz Libionka and Laurence Weinbaum suggest that Kurzman accepted the account of Iwanski who presented himself as hero, uncritically, and that Iwanski's testimony should be treated as confabulation.
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Truman 1973; McCullough 1992, 170. Truman later claimed that the Klan "threatened to kill me, and I went out to one of their meetings and dared them to try", speculating that if Truman's armed friends had shown up earlier, violence might have resulted. However, biographer Alonzo Hamby believes that this story, which is not supported by any recorded facts, was a confabulation based on a meeting with a hostile and menacing group of Democrats that contained many Klansmen, showing Truman's "Walter Mitty-like tendency ... to rewrite his personal history".Hamby 1995.
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Past life regression is a method that uses hypnosis to recover what practitioners believe are memories of past lives or incarnations. The practice is widely considered discredited and unscientific by medical practitioners, and experts generally regard claims of recovered memories of past lives as fantasies or delusions or a type of confabulation. Past-life regression is typically undertaken either in pursuit of a spiritual experience, or in a psychotherapeutic setting. Most advocates loosely adhere to beliefs about reincarnation, though religious traditions that incorporate reincarnation generally do not include the idea of repressed memories of past lives.
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Robert Hecht-Nielsen (July 18, 1947 - May 25, 2019) was an American computer scientist who was an adjunct professor of electrical and computer engineering at the University of California, San Diego. He co-founded HNC Software, and became a vice president of R&D; at Fair Isaac Corporation when it acquired the company. In March, 2005, he held an event to announce "the fundamental mechanism of cognition", which he believes is a process of confabulation (neural networks). He posits that all actions and thoughts begin as the "winners" of competitions, where confabulations are tested for cogency based on antecedent support.
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Attention is > aroused however when the patient is found to collide with pieces of > furniture, to fall over objects, and to experience difficulty in finding his > way around. They may try to walk through a wall or through a closed door on > his way from one room to another. Suspicion is still further alerted when > they begin to describe people and objects around them which, as a matter of > fact, are not there at all. Thus we have the twin symptoms of anosognosia > (or lack of awareness of defect) and confabulation, the latter affecting > both speech and behaviour.
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But in truth, the similitude is taken out of context. There is no conception of underworld, retribution, relentless suffering, demons or damnation for Mitthi Khua, as is confabulation of hell in most mythology; it is in simple description an inevitable destiny of all souls regardless of sins or virtues. Nor Pialral is an imperialistic kingdom of god with eternal worship as in other religions, it simply is a place of luxury and comfort for those who had made special deeds in life, called thangchhuah. The ultimate reward is simple: to be relieved from labour and be served with ready-made food.
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Past life regression is a technique that uses hypnosis to recover what practitioners allege are memories of past lives or incarnations. The practice is widely considered discredited and unscientific by medical practitioners, and experts generally regard claims of recovered memories of past lives as fantasies or delusions or a type of confabulation. Past-life regression is typically undertaken either in pursuit of a spiritual experience, or in a psychotherapeutic setting. Most advocates loosely adhere to beliefs about reincarnation, though religious traditions that incorporate reincarnation generally do not include the idea of repressed memories of past lives.
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Meanwhile, Jim begins to reconstruct his past and discovers that his memory of being stabbed is a confabulation. He learns that, along with spending that New Year's Eve in Winnipeg, he participated in a Pentagon- funded study run by Menno Warkentin and engineering professor Dominic Adler. The study, called Project Lucidity, aimed to create an EEG-like helmet to give soldiers a non-verbal means of communication. Having discovered the Q1-Q2-Q3 taxonomy independently, Menno states that he and Dominic decided to go their separate ways and avoid publishing their results as they feared that the research would be used to justify discrimination.
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He has also made original contributions to the philosophy of religion, the history of philosophy, and the teaching of philosophy. Kolak is the founder of the philosophical therapy known as cognitive dynamics, which has been used to create new paradigms and technologies for expanding human consciousness, increasing intelligence, and improving creativity. It is still under development. More information about this aspect of Kolak's research in cognitive science (cognitive neuroscience; self-representation; information processing; knowledge representation; mental models; the logic and mathematics of mental processes; autism, confabulation, self-deception, MPD; dreaming), philosophy of mind (personal identity, consciousness, and self; philosophical psychology; psychoanalytic theory) can be found at the Rutgers University Center for Cognitive Science (RuCCS).
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Lately, he has been interested in studying and understanding the impact of new media and technologies in art, especially 3D printing and the uncovered opportunities it will lend to art. He developed a combination of 3D-modeling, laser scanning, 3D-printing and traditional metalsmithing techniques to investigate the new creative process and aesthetic / philosophical concepts related to it. He thought "Sculpture and New Technologies" at the Corcoran College of Art + Design and how new media, digital arts and the latest technologies, such as laser scanning and 3D printing, can be connected to bi-dimensional and three-dimensional art. Lately, he showcased the course at "ConFABulation", a symposium about how to integrate new media in classroom.
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Secondly, a large number of errors that occur during memory reconstruction are caused by faults in the criterion- setting and decision making processes used to direct attention towards retrieving a specific target memory. When there are lapses in the recall of aspects of episodic memory, the individual tends to supplement other aspects of knowledge that are unrelated to the actual episode to form a more cohesive and well-rounded reconstruction of the memory, regardless of whether or not the individual is aware of such supplemental processing. This process is known as confabulation. All of the supplemental processes occurring during the course of reconstruction rely on the use of schema, information networks that organize and store abstract knowledge in the brain.
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Balthus had the Rola arms embroidered onto many of his kimonos, in the style of a Japanese kamon. Balthus's mother Elisabeth Dorothée Spiro Klossowska (known as Baladine Klossowska) was descended from Russian Jews who had emigrated to East Prussia.Sabine Rewald, Balthus: Cats and Girls, p.19 In the catalogue of the Metropolitan Museum of Art's 1984 Balthus exhibition, she was described as the daughter of a cantor from Kovelitz in Novgorod in the Russian Empire.Rewald 1984, p. 11 However, Balthus told his biographer Nicholas Fox Weber that this was erroneous, and that his mother came "apparently from a Protestant family in the south of France".Weber 1999, p.60. But according to Weber, this was a confabulation on Balthus's part.
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Investigations into the phenomenology of pathological confabulations have noted that some prefrontal patients only produce temporal order confabulations, that is, real memories out of correct temporal order but other patients produce more fantastic confabulations that are not real memories and tend to have a grandiose quality. In the case of temporal order confabulations, the patient cannot false tag inaccurate memories only during memory retrieval but can false tag during encoding and normal ruminating; whereas during fantastic confabulations no false tagging for either memory encoding or retrieval can be performed. In fantastic confabulations the patient has no way to Falsify any rumination. A clinical sign like that of fantastic confabulation is delusion, where patients cannot evaluate the accuracy of their cognitions or perceptions and make incorrect inferences about external reality.
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The delirium produced, particularly by anticholinergics is characterized by stupor, agitation, confusion, confabulation, dysphoria, akathisia, realistic visual hallucinations or illusions (as opposed to the pseudohallucinations experienced on other classes of hallucinogens) and regression to "phantom" behaviors such as disrobing and plucking. Other commonly reported behaviors include holding full conversations with imagined people, finishing a complex, multi-stage action (such as getting dressed) and then suddenly discovering one had not even begun yet, and being unable to recognize one's own reflection in a mirror. The effects of anticholinergic drugs have been likened to delirious fevers, sleepwalking, a fugue state or a psychotic episode (particularly in that the subject has minimal control over their actions and often has little to no recollection of the experience). This is a notable departure from the effects of serotonergic psychedelics.
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The majority of modern theories, however, suggest that the disorder is caused by disruption to the brain systems involved in memory and familiarity. This was the theme of Pick's original explanation, in which he suggested that the crucial mechanism was a "convulsive attack" that disrupted conscious memory. Benson and colleagues later argued that damage to the right hemisphere of the brain rendered patients unable to maintain orientation owing to impaired visuospatial perception and visual memory, while frontal lobe damage made it difficult to inhibit the false impressions caused by disorientation. More recent research has broadly supported this view, and links have been made to the literature on confabulation, where patients seem to recall false memories without any realisation that they are false, often also in the context of frontal lobe damage.
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Vitruvius claims that the caryatids were maidens of Karyes who were held captive as slaves, as a form of punishment for siding with the Persian enemies against the Spartans. He believes they were later depicted in Greek architecture as holding a great burden for being traitors and their presence in architecture was a way of commemorating this betrayal . Other authors and scholars reject Vitruvious' view such as German poet and critic Lessing who critiqued this theory as he could find no historical evidence or documents to support his claims and thus argued that his view was a myth and confabulation. Frank Granger suggested that he perhaps confused Karyes for another town called Caria, of Asia Minor which was said to have been implicated in collaborating with the Persian enemy.
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Most writers doubt the assertion that the Guiguzi was written by a single personality, Guigu Xiansheng (), who was said in the Records of the Grand Historian to have been the teacher of the late Warring States political lobbyists Su Qin and Zhang Yi. A tradition that Guigu Xiansheng was the teacher of renowned Warring States generals Sun Bin and Pang Juan is also considered to be a late confabulation. The association of the name Wang Xu () is not generally held to be supported. There is no material in the text to support the view held by some that Guiguzi is a book on military tactics. The contents of the Guiguzi text cover the relationship between lobbying techniques and the theory of yin and yang, techniques of political evaluation of the state, evaluation of political relationships between state leaders and ministers, psychological profiling of lobbying targets and rhetorical devices.
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Walter van Beek, an anthropologist studying the Dogon, found no evidence that they had any historical advanced knowledge of Sirius. Van Beek postulated that Griaule engaged in such leading and forceful questioning of his Dogon sources that new myths were created in the process by confabulation, writing that > "though they do speak about sigu tolo [what Griaule claimed was Sirius] they > disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it > is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu [festival], for > another it is Venus that, through a different position, appears as sigu > tolo. All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule". Carl Sagan has noted that the first reported association of the Dogon with the knowledge of Sirius as a binary star was in the 1940s, giving the Dogon ample opportunity to gain cosmological knowledge about Sirius and the Solar System from more scientifically advanced, terrestrial societies whom they had come in contact with.
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The claim that confabulation of justifications evolved to relieve cognitive dissonance is criticized by some evolutionary biologists for assuming the evolution of a mechanism for feeling dissonanced by a lack of justification. These evolutionary biologists argue that if causal theories had no higher predictive accuracy than prejudices that would have been in place even without causal theories, there would be no evolutionary selection for experiencing any form of discomfort from lack of causal theories. The claim that studies in the United States that appear to show a link between homophobia and homosexuality can be explained by an actual such link is criticized by many scholars. Since much homophobia in the United States is due to religious indoctrination and therefore unrelated to personal sexual preferences, they argue that the appearance of a link is due to volunteer-biased erotica research in which religious homophobes fear God's judgment but not being recorded as "homosexual" by Earthly psychologists while most non-homophobes are misled by false dichotomies to assume that the notion that men can be sexually fluid is somehow "homophobic" and "unethical".
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Soldiers of the East-India Company, British Raj and Princely States in the Indian subcontinent were crucial in securing and defending Hong Kong as a crown colony for Britain. Examples of troops from the Indian sub-continent include the 1st Travancore Nair Infantry, 59th Madras Native Infantry, 26th Bengal Native Infantry, 5th Light Infantry, 40th Pathans, 6th Rajputana Rifles, 11th Rajputs, 10th Jats, 72nd Punjabis, 12th Madras Native Infantry, 38th Madras Native Infantry, Indian Medical Service, Indian Hospital Corps, Royal Indian Army Service Corps, etc. Large contingents of troops from India were garrisoned in Hong Kong right from the start of British Hong Kong and until after World War II. Contributions by the Indian military services in Hong Kong suffer from the physical decay of battle-sites, destruction of documentary archives and sources of information, questionable historiography, conveniently lopsided narratives, unchallenged confabulation of urban myths and incomplete research within academic circles in Hong Kong, Britain and India. Despite high casualties among troops from the British Raj during the Battle of Hong Kong, their contributions are either minimised or ignored.
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Versailles was founded by Major-General Pierre Denis de la Ronde (1762-1824), one of Louisiana's wealthiest plantation owners and a descendant of French Canadian judge and poet, René-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière, of Maison Lotbinière, poet Alain Chartier and, traditionally, the explorer Jehan Denys, though this is unproven and is likely entirely the confabulation of Frederick Gilman Forsyth, the self-styled, so-called "Forsyth de Fronsac," who published falsified lineages.The Aryan Order of America and the College of Arms of Canada, by Yves Drolet; Montreal, Canada; 2015, p. 45." In 1802, Denis de La Ronde was appointed to Louisiana (New Spain)'s governing authority, the Cabildo, at the behest of his late brother-in-law, Andrés Almonaster y Rojas, to succeed him as Regidor Perpetuo, Councilman for Life. (Spanish bureaucratic offices were a form of property, purchased from the Crown, and could be inherited.) In 1805, during the U.S. territorial period, along with other local investors, he made plans to build Versailles along the Mississippi River and to then cut a barge canal through some dozen miles of swamp to the shore of Lake Pontchartrain, where they planned to build another town, to be called "Paris.
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