130 The cognomen, as in Vespasian's family, then assumed the distinguishing function for individuals; where this happened, the cognomen replaced the praenomen in intimate address. The result was that two names remained in use for formal public address but instead of praenomen + nomen, it became nomen + cognomen.
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Syme, R., Augustan Aristocracy, pages 20 and 206. His cognomen Publicola or Poplicola means in Latin ‘friend of the people‘. His mother named him this cognomen in honor of her step father consul Lucius Gellius Publicola and also the name Publicola is a cognomen that appears in Valeria’s paternal ancestry, the gens Valeria. Valeria has various paternal ancestors with the cognomen Publicola. Very little is known on Publicola’s life.
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The Roman Emperors usually had the titles of "Imperator Caesar Augustus" in their names. (which made their regnal names) Caesar came from the cognomen of Gaius Julius Caesar, Imperator meant Commander and Augustus meant venerable or majestic. The name usually went in two ways, Imperator (Praenomen, Nomen and Cognomen) Caesar Augustus or Imperator Caesar (Praenomen, Nomen and Cognomen) Augustus. Also, Imperator became a Praenomen of Roman Emperors, Augustus and Caesar became a cognomen of theirs.
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III, p. 298 ("Veturius Philo"). The last Veturii appearing in history came from the Sempronii Gracchi, whose cognomen they adopted; they were thus plebeian. Coins of this gens bear no cognomen.
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The term "cognomen" (sometimes pluralized "cognomens") has come into use as an English noun used outside the context of Ancient Rome. According to the 2012 edition of the Random House Dictionary, cognomen can mean a "surname" or "any name, especially a nickname".Cognomen dictionary.com The basic sense in English is "how one is well known".
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The only cognomen that occurs in this gens is Longus.
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None of the Duronii known to history bore any cognomen.
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Priscus was given the cognomen "Fidenas" because of his victory.
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This strategy of attrition earned Fabius the cognomen "Cunctator" (the Delayer).
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The nomen Quartinius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed from other names, typically ending in -inus, suggesting the cognomen Quartinus, a diminutive of Quartus, fourth.Chase, p. 126. Quartus may have been an old praenomen that had fallen out of use by historical times, but continued in use as a cognomen. The feminine form, Quarta, was regularly used as both praenomen and cognomen.
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Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, surnamed "Cunctator". Maximus was the branch of the Fabia gens to which he belonged; Verrucosus was a personal cognomen referring to a wart above his upper lip; Cunctator a cognomen ex virtute referring to his delaying strategy against Hannibal. Statue at Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna The cognomen, the third element of the tria nomina, began as an additional personal name. It was not unique to Rome, but Rome was where the cognomen flourished, as the development of the gens and the gradual decline of the praenomen as a useful means of distinguishing between individuals made the cognomen a useful means of identifying both individuals and whole branches of Rome's leading families.
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I, p. 470 ("Basilus"). A number of plebeian Minucii had no cognomen.
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The only family of the Erucii known to history bore the cognomen Clarus.
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Cerialis, or CerealisFlavius Josephus, Steve Mason. Flavius Josephus: translation and commentary, BRILL, 2001, p. 167 was a Roman cognomen, which means "of Ceres", "pertaining to Ceres". Among notable persons with that cognomen are Quintus Petillius Cerialis and Sextus Vettulenus Cerialis.
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Flaccus was also a cognomen for a branch of the patrician Valerii and others.
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Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, vol. v. p. 288 :For other persons with the cognomen "Albus" or "Albinus", see Albinus (cognomen). Aulus Postumius Albinus was a politician of the Roman Republic, and consul in 99 BC with Marcus Antonius.Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia viii.
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872, 873 ("Crassus").Marshall, "Crassus and the Cognomen Dives."Drumann, vol. IV, pp. 71–115.
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The upper-class usually used the cognomen to refer to one another. Today, we refer to many prominent ancient Romans by only their cognomen; for example, Cicero (from cicer "chickpea") serves as a shorthand for Marcus Tullius Cicero, and Caesar for Gaius Julius Caesar.
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Catullus, Carmina, 12. The nomen Asinius is derived from the cognomen Asina, a she-ass, one of a large class of surnames derived from familiar objects and animals. A related but more familiar name was Asellus, borne as a cognomen by the Cornelii and Claudii.Chase, pp.
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The only important family of the Laecanii bore the cognomen Bassus, originally indicating someone stout.Chase, p. 110.
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The only praenomen known to have been used by the family is Gnaeus. However, the Acerronii may once have used the name Proculus, which they later bore as a cognomen. They probably also used the feminine praenomen Paulla, which appears as a personal cognomen in the first century.
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IV, p. 578. Oakley initially stated that the problem of Cursor's cognomen was "insoluble", but in his subsequent volumes he accepts Münzer's theory that his initial cognomen was likely Mugillanus. The surname Maso, sometimes spelled Masso, is derived from the Latin massa, a "mass" or "lump".Chase, p. 113.
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Neither of the Rabuleii mentioned in the early Republic bore a cognomen, but one of those known from inscriptions was surnamed Rufus, red, indicating that he or one of his ancestors probably had red hair.Chase, p. 110. A freedman of the gens bore the cognomen Celer, swift.Chase, p. 111.
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Caecus, the surname of one of the Claudii Crassi, refers to the condition of his blindness, which is well-attested, although it appears that he did not become blind until his old age. Caecus' initial cognomen was Crassus.Frontinus, De aquaeductu, i. 5, who only gives his original cognomen, "Crassus".
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Nero was a traditional cognomen (third name) of the Claudii, whereas Drusus was given to a branch of the gens Livia. Using a cognomen such as Nero as a first name was unusual, as was the prominence given to his maternal lineage in adopting Drusus as his cognomen. Drusus was raised in Claudius Nero's house with his brother, the future emperor Tiberius, until his legal father's death. The two brothers developed a famously close relationship that would last the rest of their lives.
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As Consul he defeated the Dalmatians, having for that deserved his cognomen and the Honours of the Triumph.
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The nomen Albinia is probably derived from the cognomen Albinus, a lengthened form of Albus, meaning "white" or "whitish".
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The only cognomen associated with this family is Melinus.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The only cognomen associated with the Aurunculeii is Cotta.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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It was the cognomen of the most important family of the Munatii.Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. iv., p. 205 ff.
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1205 ("Nobilior").Chase, p. 111.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. Nobilior. Centumalus is a cognomen of obscure meaning.
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The only cognomen that occurs in the gens is Dentatus, meaning "toothed." It may originally have referred to someone with large or prominent teeth, but Manius Curius Dentatus is said to have derived his cognomen from the circumstance of having been born with teeth in his mouth.Gaius Plinius Secundus, Historia Naturalis, vii. 15.
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The most important family of the Sentii bore the cognomen Saturninus, which occurs on coins. Other coins of this gens include no surnames. One of the more noteworthy Sentii of imperial times bore the surname Augurinus, an occupational cognomen probably indicating that he or one of his ancestors was an augur.Chase, p. 112.
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The patrician Aebutii used the cognomen Helva (also found as Elva in some sources). Cornicen was a personal surname belonging to one of the Helvae. No patrician Aebutius held any curule magistracy from 442 to 176 BC, when Marcus Aebutius Helva obtained the praetorship. Carus was a cognomen of the plebeian Aebutii.
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I, pp. 904, 905 ("Cursor"). The Cursores likely descended from the Mugillani, as Lucius Papirius Cursor, the five time consul, is sometimes found with this cognomen. Friedrich Münzer writes that he was the first named Cursor, and his grandfather—the first with this name in the sources—actually bore the cognomen Mugillanus.
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348 His father was awarded the cognomen "Torquatus" and a golden torque by the emperor Augustus when he fell from his horse in the Trojan Games.Suetonius, "Augustus", ch. 43 As the cognomen was hereditary, it came to be part of Asprenas' name, and appears as part of the names of his descendants.
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Quintus Pompeius Bithynicus (108 BC-48 BC), was the son of the tribune Aulus Pompeius by an unnamed woman. He is the first member of the family to bear the cognomen Bithynicus. However, the origins of him gaining this cognomen are unknown. Pompeius was a friend to Cicero, with whom he studied.
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The only cognomen found among the Caedicii of the Republic is Noctua, an owl. Surnames derived from familiar objects and animals were quite common at Rome. Noctia seems to have been a personal cognomen, as it was not borne by later Caedicii. None of the other Caedicii mentioned in history bore any surname.
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The only cognomen of the Lollii in the time of the Republic was Palicanus, but others appear under the Empire.
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The only distinct family of the Palfurii bore the cognomen Sura, originally designating someone with prominent calves.Chase, pp. 109, 110.
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Armiger was also used as a Latin cognomen, and is now found as a rare surname in English-speaking countries.
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His grandfather Tiberius Claudius Nero (a son of Appius Claudius Caecus) was the first person to have the cognomen Nero.
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His cognomen Filbyter is believed to mean "foal-biter" and refers to a man who castrates colts with his teeth.
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Whether the family ended with him, or continued on in obscurity, or perhaps under a different cognomen, is similarly unknown.
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She is also the only notable woman of her gens to not have a cognomen derived from her brother's name.
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Numonius Vala was a combination of family name (nomen) and cognomen used by ancient Roman men of the gens Numonia.
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The nomen Luscia appears to be formed from the cognomen Luscus, referring to someone with but one eye.Chase, p. 109.
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The sources give no indication of Pilate's life prior to his becoming governor of Judaea. His praenomen (first name) is unknown; his cognomen Pilatus might mean "skilled with the javelin ()," but it could also refer to the or Phrygian cap, possibly indicating that one of Pilate's ancestors was a freedman. If it means "skilled with the javelin," it is possible that Pilate won the cognomen for himself while serving in the Roman military; it is also possible that his father acquired the cognomen through military skill. In the Gospels of Mark and John, Pilate is only called by his cognomen, which Marie-Joseph Ollivier takes to mean that this was the name by which he was generally known in common speech.
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Gruen, Culture and National Identity, p. 230. Several other prominent politicians adopted a Greek cognomen during the middle Republic, such as Quintus Publilius Philo or Quintus Marcius Philippus.Oakley, Commentary on Livy IX, p. 424. The same cognomen was used two centuries later by Cicero's friend Titus Pomponius Atticus after his long residency in Athens.
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For example Alfred the Great. (This is more similar to the Roman use of agnomen than their use of cognomen.) Catalan cognom and Italian cognome, derived from the Latin cognomen, mean "family name". Maltese kunjom is derived from the Italian version, retaining the same meaning. The term "cognomen" can also be applied to cultures with a clan structure and naming conventions comparable to those of Ancient Rome; thus, hereditary "cognomina" have been described as in use among the Xhosa (Iziduko), the Igbo (Aha Otutu), the Yoruba (Oriki), or the Zulu (Isibongo).
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The only major family of this gens bore the cognomen Labeo.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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In most contemporary texts Pupienus is referred to by his cognomen "Maximus" rather than by his second nomen (family name) Pupienus.
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14 January 2000. The Amarillo Sod Poodles, a minor league baseball team, use a nickname for prairie dogs as their cognomen.
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The Papii were probably of Samnite origin, and several of this family appear in history in connection with the Samnite Wars and the Social War. Chase lists Papius among those gentilicia which were of Oscan derivation, in this case from the Oscan cognomen Papus, of which another cognomen, Papilus, appears to be a cognate.Chase, pp. 114, 127, 128.
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The only cognomen used by the Fundanii under the Republic is Fundulus, a sausage, belonging to a large class of surnames derived from the names of familiar objects and animals.Chase, pp. 112, 113. Lamia, a surname of Lucius Fundanius Aelianus, consul in AD 116, was inherited from the Aelia gens, where it was a regular cognomen.
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This convention presented somewhat of a problem in distinguishing multiple Curtii, but the third name, the cognomen, offered a solution. It might have nothing to do with any convention. It could be trivial. Rufus means “red.” Over several hundred years of this system the cognomen often became an extension of the nomen for distinguishing lines within the gens.
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He died in 62, some say from poison. The cognomen "Burrus" is the Latin version of the name Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.
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In the beginnings of the 3rd century, the legion was involved in Caracalla's campaign against Germanic tribes and receives the cognomen Germanica.
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As a cognomen, it belongs to a large class of surnames based on a person's physical traits or characteristics.Chase, pp. 109, 110.
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It later moved to Macedonia, where it stayed from 30 BC to AD 6, gaining its cognomen, before moving to Oescus (Moesia).
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The only surname of the Numicii in Republican times is Priscus, a common cognomen meaning "old, ancient", or "antique".Chase, p. 111.
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Quadratus, while resembling the numerical cognomen quartus, actually described someone with a square or stocky figure.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. quadratus.
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Little is known on the life of Pompeius. During the reign of Roman Emperor Caligula (reigned AD 37–41), the emperor removed his cognomen Magnus or The Great from him and wouldn’t allow Pompeius to use his cognomen. When Caligula was assassinated in AD 41, his paternal uncle Claudius became the new emperor. Claudius restored Pompeius' cognomen to him. Pompeius’ father gained the favour of the new emperor and it was probably through this favour, that Claudius arranged for Pompeius to marry Claudia Antonia, Claudius’ daughter and only child from his second marriage to Aelia Paetina.
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By the Late Republic, a cognomen, the third of the tria nomina, becomes more important in distinguishing family branches of the main gens. The importance of the cognomen is reflected also in naming practice as it pertains to women, for example Cornelia Sulla, Pompeia Magna, Cornelia Metella. Licinia Crassa Maior and Licinia Crassa Minor were daughters of Lucius Licinius Crassus.
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Annia Aurelia Fadilla, most commonly known as Fadilla (159-died after 211) was one of the daughters born to Marcus Aurelius and his wife Faustina the Younger. She was a sister to Lucilla and Commodus. Fadilla was named in honor of her late maternal aunt Aurelia Fadilla. The cognomen Fadilla, was the cognomen of the mother and a half-sister of Antoninus Pius.
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Scipio (plural, Scipiones) is a Roman cognomen representing the Cornelii Scipiones, a branch of the Cornelii family. Any individual male of the branch must be named Cornelius Scipio and a female Cornelia. The nomen, Cornelius, signifies that the person belongs to the Cornelia gens, a legally defined clan composed of many familiae. The cognomen, Scipio, identifies the line, or branch within the clan.
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"Mutto" was also used as a cognomen, the third of the three elements of a Roman man's name.CIL V.1412, 8473, as cited by Adams. The moneyer Quintus Titius, one of whose coins has been interpreted as depicting Mutunus, may have used the cognomen Mutto; T.R.S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (American Philological Association, 1952), vol. 2, p. 454.
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He appears to be the first in his family to bear the cognomen Rufus. However, the origins of him gaining this cognomen are unknown - although it may simply be that he was red-haired. Cicero states that Pompeius was among the orators he had heard in his youth. Pompeius also possibly held the position of Decemviri Sacris Faciundis until his death.
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Van Schaik 2001, p. 140. While his given name was Sönam Topgyé, he is usually known by the cognomen Polhané (the one from Polha).
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T.R.S. Broughton and Ronald Syme refer to him simply as Marcus Herennius; however, K.M.T. Atkinson adds the cognomen Picens when she writes about him.
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D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary (1963).Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor. Another patrician cognomen was Tullus.Broughton, vol.
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The nomen Priscius is derived from the common cognomen Priscus, old or elder.Chase, p. 111.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. vv. priscus, Priscus.
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The name Octavius Januarius contains the nomen Octavius and cognomen Januarius, that may refer to the gens Octavia - the family name of Emperor Augustus.
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The only cognomen known to have been borne by this family was Ocrea, which appears from Cicero's time to the late first century AD.
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Because of the limited nature of the Latin praenomen, the cognomen developed to distinguish branches of the family from one another, and occasionally, to highlight an individual's achievement, typically in warfare. One example of this is Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, whose cognomen Magnus was earned after his military victories under Sulla's dictatorship. The cognomen was a form of distinguishing people who made important feats, and those who already bore a cognomen were awarded another exclusive name, the agnomen. For example, Publius Cornelius Scipio received the agnomen Africanus after his victory over the Carthaginian general Hannibal at Zama, Africa (Africanus here means "of Africa" in the sense that his fame derives from Africa, rather than being born in Africa, which would have been Afer); and the same procedure occurred in the names of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus (conqueror of Numidia) and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus.
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The only surname of the early Icilii was Ruga, which properly belonged to many of the Icilii, but they are usually mentioned without a cognomen.
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The earliest Acutii are found without a cognomen. Nerva, the surname of Quintus Acutius, consul in AD 100, is derived from nervus, sinewy.Chase, p. 110.
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London, George Routledge & Sons, Ltd., 1932. No ISBN. In Ancient Rome, posthumous children of noble birth were often given the cognomen (or third name) 'Postumus.
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Among the surnames of the Ovinii were Camillus, Rusticus, and Tertullus. Camillus was an ancient cognomen referring to a youth in the service of a priestly office, and was made famous by the dictator Marcus Furius Camillus during the fourth century BC. Rusticus referred to someone of rural origin or habits. Tertullus is a diminutive of the cognomen Tertius, "third".Chase, pp. 110–112.
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In contrast to the honorary cognomina adopted by successful generals, most cognomina were based on a physical or personality quirk; for example, Rufus meaning "red-haired" or Scaevola meaning "left- handed". Some cognomina were hereditary (such as Caesar among a branch of the Julii, Brutus and Silanus among the Junii, or Pilius and Metellus among the Caecilii): others tended to be individual. And some names appear to have been used both as praenomen, agnomen, or non-hereditary cognomen. For instance, Vopiscus was used as both praenomen and cognomen in the Julii Caesares; likewise Nero among the early imperial Claudii, several of whom used the traditional hereditary Claudian cognomen as a praenomen.
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The only family of the Geganii during the early Republic bore the cognomen Macerinus, a diminutive of Macer, meaning "lean" or "skinny".Chase, pp. 109, 110.
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Lars is the usual form of the name in Latin. Some sources give his cognomen as Coritinesanus.Karl Otfried Müller, Die Etrusker, vol. i. pp. 408, 409.
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He was part of the gens Duillia. According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, he was plebeian.Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiqutities, X. 58 The cognomen, Longus, is uncertain.
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He was victorious and triumphed in 121 BC, receiving the cognomen 'Balearicus'. He was censor in 120 BC. Caprarius' second brother was Lucius Caecilius Metellus Diadematus.
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Laurence is given the cognomen de Ergardia in a late note written into the margins of the Chronicle of Melrose.Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 605, n.
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Alexander and Severus share the same cognomen, Alexander.Prado, The Emperor Elagabalus: Fact or Fiction?, p.216 The name Alexander, is a dynastic name in the Emesani dynasty.
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32.5 then Sestius.Livy, Ab urbe condita, III. 33.3 Dionysius of Halicarnassus uses the form Siccius. His cognomen Capitolinus is not certain - we also see Capito being used.
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Chase, pp. 112, 113. Another branch of the Valerii Maximi bore the surname Lactucinus, derived from Lactuca, lettuce, the cognomen of an early member of the family.
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The only cognomen of this gens which occurs under the Republic is Balbus, a common surname originally referring to the habit of stammering. The cognomen Flavianus used by another member of the gens may have been a personal surname, perhaps reflecting a family connection with the Flavii, since the man who bore it was already of advanced years before the first of the Flavian emperors came to power.
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The Annaei do not appear to have had any distinct branches, but, following a trend which occurred throughout imperial times, each child of the elder Seneca bore a different cognomen, including the surnames Novatus, Seneca, and Mela or Mella. Annaeus Mela's son received the cognomen Lucanus, in honor of his grandfather, Anicius Lucanus, a prominent lawyer at Corduba. This surname originally referred to a native of Lucania.Chase, pp.
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The nomen Cestius seems to be derived from the cognomen Cestus, referring to an open-fingered boxing glove, or to a girdle. The Cestii probably of Latin origin.
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I, p. 58. The only other known cognomen was Gracchus, held by one of the Aequian Cloelii. The Cloelii recorded at the end of the Republic were plebeian.
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Denter, the cognomen assigned to the first praefectus urbi, referred to someone with prominent teeth, while Rocus, from raucus, designated someone with a loud, deep, or hoarse voice.
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The Palpellii were almost certainly Histrian, as the greatest number known from inscriptions lived in various towns of Histria, and the most prominent family bore the cognomen Hister.
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The citizens of Corioli cried out, and the whole Volscian force was dispirited and was defeated by the Romans. The town was captured, and Marcius gained the cognomen Coriolanus.
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The only cognomen of the Granii under the Republic was Flaccus, in the time of Caesar. In imperial times, the surnames Licinianus, Marcellus, Marcianus, Serenus, and Silvanus are found.
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The only cognomen of the Ogulnii under the Republic is Gallus, which signified a cockerel, or a Gaul. The other Ogulnii mentioned in history had no surnames.Chase, p. 114.
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Little is known of the Pedii and their origin. The nomen Pedius might be derived from the cognomen Pedo, a name referring to someone with broad feet.Chase, p. 110.
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The nomen Saturius seems to be derived from satur, meaning "full", "plump", or "fertile", and is probably derived from the cognomen Saturus, as is the related Saturio. The Saturii were probably of Sabine or Picentine ancestry, as several of them bore the surnames Sabinus and Picens, both belonging to a common class of cognomen alluding to one's origins, and a number of the family resided at Asculum in Picenum.Chase, pp. 113, 114.
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Vespasian's paternal grandmother bore the cognomen Tertulla and this cognomen was also borne by both his daughter and his mother. Clemens served as prefect in the reign of Emperor Caligula, from 38 until 41, which he had honourably commanded. On 24 January 41, however, he became one of his Emperor's murderers, also taking part in the murder of the Empress Caesonia and their daughter, as well as in the proclamation of the next Emperor Claudius.
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Rufus, red, was typically given to someone with red hair, and this choice of cognomen may have been influenced by the fact that the nomen Rutilius has the same meaning.
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Nomen (nomen gentile—name of the gens/ród or clan): Radwan Cognomen (name of the family sept within the gens): For example—Braniecki, Dąbrowski, Czcikowski, Dostojewski, Górski, Nicki, Zebrzydowski, etc.
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Livy, i. 3.Dionysius, i. 71. In later times, Proculus was widely used as a surname, and gave rise to the diminutive cognomen Procillus, with which Procilius is easily confused.
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It is now believed that Ratna was in fact Dharma's son and that the Manikya cognomen had been associated with the dynasty for a number of generations prior to his ascension.
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The only cognomen associated with the Apronii is Caesianus, which is probably derived from the nomen of the gens Caesia, and may indicate descent from the Caesii through the female line.
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The name was later used as a cognomen in many families. It was not normally abbreviated, but is sometimes found with the abbreviation Paul.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & MythologyMika Kajava, Roman Female Praenomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women (1994) The masculine praenomen Paullus was not widely used at Rome, but was used by gentes Aemilia and Fabia, which also used it as a cognomen. Both gentes had a long history of using rare and archaic praenomina.
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Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum, v. p. 308 ff. The cognomen Structus almost always occurs in connection with those of Priscus or Ahala. The only Structus who is mentioned with this cognomen alone is Spurius Servilius Structus, who was consular tribune in 368 BC. The fact that Structus appears in two of the oldest stirpes of the Servilii, neither of which clearly predates the other, could indicate that persons bearing this surname were ancestral to both great houses.
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The proliferation of cognomina in the later centuries of the Empire led some grammarians to classify certain types as agnomina. This class included two main types of cognomen: the cognomen ex virtute, and cognomina that were derived from nomina, to indicate the parentage of Romans who had been adopted from one gens into another. Although these names had existed throughout Roman history, it was only in this late period that they were distinguished from other cognomina.
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A similar pattern was followed by Augustus' heirs. The emperor's stepson and eventual successor was born Tiberius Claudius Nero; after his adoption by the emperor, he became Tiberius Julius Caesar (retaining his original praenomen). His brother, born Decimus Claudius Nero, subsequently became Nero Claudius Drusus, exchanging his original praenomen for his paternal cognomen, and assuming a new cognomen from his maternal grandfather. Other members of the Julio-Claudian dynasty used praenomina such as Drusus and Germanicus.
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The Fonteii bore the cognomens Agrippa, Balbus, and Capito, which is the only cognomen which occurs on coins of this gens. The cognomen Crassus is an error of the manuscripts, since there were no Fonteii Crassi. The Fonteii Balbi were not related to the other Fonteii as an inscription found in Etruria tells that they belonged to the tribe Sabatina – prevalent in this area – whilst the other Fonteii were from Tusculum, associated with the tribe Papiria.Cicero, Pro Fonteio, 41.
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Postuma was delivered some months after Sulla's death. It is uncertain if her name "Postumia" was a praenomen or cognomen as the usage of the name "Postuma" as a female praenomen is unattested in eppigraphical evidence for the Roman Republic period but it would have been unusual to give a cognomen at such an early date. The male equvalent praenomen Postumus is well attested. Her birth was highly significant as it unified Sulla's family with that of her mothers.
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When a boy was adopted into a new gens (clan), he received the family names of his new family, plus an additional cognomen indicating his descent from his original gens/family. The additional cognomen often had the form "-anus". When Gaius Octavius from gens Octavia was adopted into the Julii Caesares family, his new name became Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus. In this case, Ambrosius may have been a member of gens Aurelia who was adopted by another gens/family.
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The origin of the Cornelii is lost to history, but the nomen Cornelius may be formed from the hypothetical cognomen Corneus, meaning "horny", that is, having thick or callused skin. The existence of such a cognomen in early times may be inferred from its diminutive, Corneolus. Such a derivation implies a Latin origin for the Cornelii, and there is no evidence to contradict this, but beyond this no traditions survive relating to the family's beginning.Chase, p. 124.
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Quintus Pompeius Rufus (flourished 2nd and 1st century BC, died 88 BC), was the son to the above by an unnamed woman and eldest brother to tribune Aulus Pompeius. He appears to be the first in his family to bear the cognomen Rufus. However, the origins of him gaining this cognomen are unknown - although it may simply be that he was red-haired. Cicero states that Pompeius was among the orators he had heard in his youth.
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The first of the Aburii to appear in history bore no cognomen. The abbreviation Gem., probably for Geminus, a twin, appears on coins. In the first century, the surname Bassus is found.
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Before returning to Italy the troops hailed Pompey with the cognomen magnus, 'the Great', for Pompey's childhood hero Alexander of Macedon.John Leach, Pompey the Great, p. 31; Tom Holland, Rubicon, p. 110.
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Various surnames were borne by other Pompeii, including a number of freedmen and their descendants, but the majority of the Pompeii who lived in the time of the Republic bore no cognomen.
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Son of Appius Claudius Caecus, Publius was the first of the Claudii to be given the cognomen "Pulcher" ("handsome"). He was also the father of Appius Claudius Pulcher, consul in 212 BC.
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However, although all three elements of the Roman name existed throughout most of Roman history, the concept of the tria nomina can be misleading, because not all of these names were required or used throughout the whole of Roman history. During the period of the Roman Republic, the praenomen and nomen represented the essential elements of the name; the cognomen first appeared among the Roman aristocracy at the inception of the Republic, but was not widely used among the plebeians, who made up the majority of the Roman people, until the second century BC. Even then, not all Roman citizens bore cognomina, and until the end of the Republic the cognomen was regarded as somewhat less than an official name. By contrast, in imperial times the cognomen became the principal distinguishing element of the Roman name, and although praenomina never completely vanished, the essential elements of the Roman name from the second century onward were the nomen and cognomen. Naming conventions for women also varied from the classical concept of the tria nomina.
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None of the Canuleii mentioned by ancient writers bore a cognomen, except for Lucius Canuleius Dives, praetor in 171 BC. His surname originally signified someone possessing great wealth.Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. dives.
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The only distinct family of the Palpellii bore the cognomen Hister, signifying one of the Histri. It was one of a class of common surnames derived from places or peoples.Chase, pp. 113, 114.
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His cognomen – Chresimus – means frugal and is the Greek equivalent of the agnomen of Piso (nicknamed Frugi).Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes, iii. 16.Cornell (ed.), Fragments of the Roman Historians, vol. III, p. 213.
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Scipio was later released, probably ransomed. His easy defeat earned him the pejorative cognomen , which means donkey in Latin. This cognomen was all the more insulting because "asina" was the feminine form of the word donkey, as opposed to the masculine form "asinus". In spite of this Scipio's career prospered and he was consul for a second time in 254 BC. Shortly after the Lipara victory, Hannibal Gisco was scouting with 50 Carthaginian ships when he encountered the full Roman fleet.
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The name Camillo is the Italian male version of Camilla. Camillus came to be used as a cognomen in Rome, and Camilla would be the feminine form of this cognomen from a period when cognomina had become hereditary clan names. The most notable bearer of this name in Roman history is Marcus Furius Camillus (c. 446 – 365 BC), who according to Livy and Plutarch, triumphed four times, was five times dictator, and was honoured with the title of "Second Founder of Rome".
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The nomen Orbius is derived from the cognomen Orbus, a waif or orphan.Chase, p. 131.Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, s. v. orbus. It is the cognate of the Sabine or Oscan nomen Orfia.
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The nomina Scaevinius and Scaevilius seem to have been derived from the same root, either from the derivative cognomen Scaevinus, or directly from Scaevius, using the gentile-forming suffixes ' and -.Chase, pp. 123–126.
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None of the Axii mentioned in history bear a surname; the only cognomen found in inscriptions is Naso, originally referring to someone with a prominent nose.Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum, v. 148.Chase, p. 109.
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Over time the family was "honoured with twenty-eight consulships, five dictatorships, seven censorships, six triumphs and two ovations". Suetonius also wrote that in the Sabine language, the cognomen Nero meant "strong and valiant".
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Livy, i. 16.Ovid, ii. 499 ff. In the later Empire, the distinction between praenomen, nomen, and cognomen was gradually lost, and Julius was treated much like a personal name, which it ultimately became.
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The only Heminii appearing in the consular fasti bore the cognomen Aquilinus, apparently derived from aquila, an eagle.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary (1963).
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The nomen Numonius belongs to a class of gentilicia ending in -onius, typical of plebeian gentes, or those of Oscan origin. It is likely based on the cognomen nummus, "money".Chase, pp. 118, 119.
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The nomen Fannius belongs to a large class of gentilicia that either originated at Rome, or cannot be shown to have come from anywhere else. Chase derives it from an obscure cognomen, Fadus.Chase, p. 130.
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The nomen Scaevius is derived from the cognomen Scaeva, left-handed, or by extension someone strongly affected by fate, whether for good or ill.Chase, p. 109.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. scaeva, scaevus.
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The only cognomen associated with the Menenii is Lanatus. This surname is derived from the Latin adjective, meaning "wooly", and perhaps originally referred to a person with particularly fine, curly, or abundant hair.Chase, p. 110.
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The Marii of the Republic were never divided into any families, though in course of time, more especially under the emperors, several of the Marii assumed surnames. The only cognomen found on coins is Capito.
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The laqab (), pl. alqāb (); agnomen; cognomen; nickname; title, honorific; last name, surname, family name.dnsi.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Hans-Wehr-English-Arabic-Dctionary- Searchable-Format-.pdf The laqab is typically descriptive of the person.
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There only regular surname of this gens under the Republic was Caldus, derived from the Latin calidus, which translates "hot" or "rash". The same cognomen also gave rise to the gentilicium Calidius.Chase, pp. 111, 122.
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III, p. 600 ("Publicola"),Chase, pp. 110, 111. The cognomen first appears in history as the surname given to Publius Valerius, one of the consuls chosen in 509 BC to serve alongside Lucius Junius Brutus.
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Lucius Julius, possibly with the cognomen Caesar and to be identified as the Julius Caesar who was praetor urbanus in 166 and died suddenly in office.Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.181; Broughton, MRR1, p. 437.
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All of the patrician Verginii bore the cognomen Tricostus, but they were divided into various families with the surnames of Caeliomontanus, Esquilinus, and Rutilus, respectively. The surnames Caeliomontanus and Esquilinus presumably derive from the Caelian and Esquiline Hills, where these families probably lived. Rutilus is derived from a Latin adjective, meaning "reddish," and was probably acquired because some of the Verginii had red hair. The general Lucius Verginius Rufus, who lived in the 1st century AD, may have obtained his cognomen for the same reason.
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None of the Didii mentioned during the Republic is known to have borne a cognomen. A number of surnames are found under the Empire, of which the only one that appears to be a family name is Gallus. This cognomen, referring to a cockerel, belongs to an abundant class of cognomina derived from the names of everyday objects and animals. The same surname could also refer to a Gaul, indicating someone of Gaulish descent, or whose appearance or character resembled that of a Gaul.
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A descendant of this family was the first to assume the cognomen Sulla, about the time of the Second Punic War. The name is probably a diminutive of Sura, a cognomen found in several gentes, including among the Cornelii Lentuli, and probably referred to someone with prominent calves. Plutarch, who erroneously believed that the dictator Sulla was the first to bear the name, thought it must have referred to a blotchy, reddish complexion, while Macrobius derives it from Sibylla, an etymology that is rejected by Quintilian.
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Contrary to this, Anatoly Liberman rejects the identity of Lýtir and Lóðurr and returns to the old idea that Lýtir was a cognomen of Freyr, who may have been known in Sweden as Freyr Lýtir. If Old Icelendic litr meant 'penis', Lýtir ~ Litr would have been an apt cognomen of a phallic deity, more appropriate than 'shining,' 'diviner,' or any other suggested in the past.Liberman, Anatoly (2016). The Gifts of the Gods and the Enigmatic God Lytir, in Anatoly Liberman, In Prayer and Laughter.
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The nomen Segulius belongs to a large class of gentilicia formed from other names ending in diminutive suffixes such as -ilus and -ulus. It was probably derived from a cognomen Segulus, of uncertain meaning.Chase, p. 123.
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The patrician Antonii bear the cognomen Merenda; the plebeian Antonii bear no surname under the Republic, with the exception of Quintus Antonius, propraetor in Sardinia in the time of Sulla, who is called Balbus on coins.
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The nome Lacerius appears to be derived from the cognomen Lacer, meaning "torn, mangled", suggesting that its original bearer was deformed or withered in some way, either by birth or injury.New College Latin & English Dictionary ("lacer").
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The only cognomen of the Cispii is Laevus, meaning "left-handed" or "foolish". The surname may also be of Ligurian origin. Some of the Cispii are mentioned without a surname.D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary (1963).
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The cognomen Vaticanus which he carried shows that the term was used at least as far back as the 5th century BC. He might be the founder of the tribus Romilia which included several immigrant districts.
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Cicero's brother Quintus wrote in a letter that she was a thrifty housewife.Rawson, E.: Cicero, a portrait (1975) pp. 5–6; Cicero, Ad Familiares 16.26.2 (Quintus to Cicero) Cicero's cognomen, personal surname, is Latin for chickpea.
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Broughton, vol. I, p. 8. The patrician Verginii soon separated in two branches, one living on the Esquiline Hill, the other on the Caelian Hill, thus taking the additional cognomen Esquilinus and Caeliomontanus.Ogilvie, Commentary, p. 516.
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But as the praenomen lost its value as a distinguishing name, and gradually faded into obscurity, its former role was assumed by the versatile cognomen, and the typical manner of identifying individuals came to be by nomen and cognomen; essentially one form of binomial nomenclature was replaced by another, over the course of several centuries. The very lack of regularity that allowed the cognomen to be used as either a personal or a hereditary surname became its strength in imperial times; as a hereditary surname, a cognomen could be used to identify an individual's connection with other noble families, either by descent, or later by association. Individual cognomina could also be used to distinguish between members of the same family; even as siblings came to share the same praenomen, they bore different cognomina, some from the paternal line, and others from their maternal ancestors. Although the nomen was a required element of Roman nomenclature down to the end of the western empire, its usefulness as a distinguishing name declined throughout imperial times, as an increasingly large portion of the population bore nomina such as Flavius or Aurelius, which had been granted en masse to newly enfranchised citizens.
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Significantly, Lucius Trebellius adopted the Cognomen Fides for his actions as Plebeian Tribune in 47 BC to resist laws that would abolish debts; later when he fell into debt himself and began supporting debt abolishment, Cicero used his cognomen as a method of abuse and ridicule. According to this theory it is no coincidence that, in selecting the name "Trebellius Pollio", the author is playing with the concepts of fides and fidelitas historica at the precise point in the lives that are assigned to "Trebellius Pollio" and "Flavius Vopiscus Syracusius". In the case of "Flavius Vopiscus Syracusius", it was argued that it too was inspired by the Philippics' reference to "Caesar Vopiscus" (Phil, 11.11), with Cicero's reference to Vopiscus immediately preceding his reference to Lucius Trebellius. The cognomen "Syracusius" was selected because Cicero's In Verrem is filled with references to "Syracusae" and "Syracusani".
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Lists of praenomina used by the various people of Italy, together with their usual abbreviations, can be found at praenomen. Roman men were usually known by their praenomina to members of their family and household, clientes and close friends; but outside of this circle, they might be called by their nomen, cognomen, or any combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen that was sufficient to distinguish them from other men with similar names. In the literature of the Republic, and on all formal occasions, such as when a senator was called upon to speak, it was customary to address a citizen by praenomen and nomen; or, if this were insufficient to distinguish him from other members of the gens, by praenomen and cognomen. In imperial times, the praenomen became increasingly confused by the practices of the aristocracy.
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It gave rise to the patronymic gentes Proculeia and Procilia, and later became a common cognomen, or surname. The feminine form is Procula. The name was not regularly abbreviated.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & MythologyRealencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft.
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As Labienus is not found as the cognomen of any person named Atius, nor in any other gens, it is probably the nomen of a separate gens.Ézéchiel Spanheim, De Praestantia et usu Numismatum Antiquorum ii. 11, 12.
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Marcella is a Roman cognomen and Italian given name, the feminine version of Marcello (Mark in English). Marcella means warlike, martial, and strong. It could also mean 'young warrior'. The origin of the name Marcella is Latin.
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Broughton I, pg. 518 By 121 BC, he had defeated the pirates and conquered Mallorca and Menorca, the Balearics, for which he earned his cognomen Balearicus and the honours of a Triumph.Broughton I, pg. 521; Smith pg.
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The nomen Jucundius is derived from the cognomen Jucundus, originally referring to someone pleasant or agreeable.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. jucundus. It belongs to a class of surnames derived from the character of an individual.Chase, pp.
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The only major family of the Mucii bore the cognomen Scaevola. This surname is said to have been acquired by Gaius Mucius, who lost the use of his right hand following his attempt on the life of Lars Porsena, and was subsequently called Scaevola because only his left hand remained. The similar cognomen, Scaeva, which occurs in other gentes, including among the Junii, is generally assumed to mean "left handed", and Scaevola could be a diminutive form; but in ordinary usage, scaevola referred to an amulet.The New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v.
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The Pedii of the Republic do not seem to have had any hereditary surnames, but one member of the family bore the cognomen Poplicola or Publicola, famous from an early family of the Valerii; the surname means "one who courts the people."Horace, Satirae, i. 10. 28.Chase, p. 107. Although this cognomen appears in other families, the Pedii were connected with the Valerii Messallae, a later family of the Valeria gens which revived the more ancient surname, and it seems clear that it was through this relationship that the name appears among the Pedii.
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The only major branch of the family during the Republic used the cognomen Gallus, which may refer to a cock, or to a Gaul. The surname Praenestinus, found in earlier times, may indicate that the family originated at the city of Praeneste. It was probably a personal cognomen, as it does not appear in later times. Consular diptych of Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius, the last regularly-appointed consul (AD 541) During the imperial age, in the fourth century, a Roman family bearing the nomen Anicius rose to great prominence.
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Beck, Beck on Mithraism: Collected Works With New Essays, p.42-3 Her maternal uncle was Tiberius Claudius Balbilus,Royal genealogy of Aka II of Commagene at rootsweb hence was a paternal cousin to Claudia Capitolina who would later marry into the Kingdom of Commagene. As Ennia by birth, her nomen is Ennius while her Cognomen Thrasylla is the female name of the ancient Greek name Thrasyllus.The name derives from the Greek thrasy – meaning bold She inherited the Cognomen, Thrasylla from her maternal grandfather, as evidently she is a granddaughter of Thrasyllus.
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151, especially note 42). Summary of the incident by David Rankin, Celts and the Classical World (Routledge, 1987, reprinted 1999), pp. 104–105 online. Romans cast themselves as underdogs in hand-to-hand combat with physically superior Celts, to such an extent that guile or divine aid is seen as the most likely explanation when a Roman manages to win: T. Manlius earns the nickname (cognomen) Torquatus by outsmarting a Gaul in single combat and stripping him of his torque; M. Valerius Corvus got his cognomen when a divinely-sent raven (corvus) distracted his opponent.
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75 His cognomen has been interpreted as indicating that Carus Pedo originated in one of the Western provinces of the Empire, although some experts favor an Italian origin.Edward Dabrowa, Legio X Fretensis: A Prosopographical Study of its Officers (I-III c. A.D.) (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1993), p. 44 Ronald Syme counted 21 examples of the cognomen "Pedo" in the region of the western Alps, although his membership in the tribe "Quirina" precludes Gallia Narbonensis; however, Syme also counted 16 examples of the gentilicum Popilius in the Spanish provinces.
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An inscription from Dalmatia mentions him, but it is broken where it contains his name: [...]tius Pegasus. Champlin makes a convincing argument that the best restoration for his gentilicium is Plotius, the same as his brother. There are some possible descendants of Pegasus or his brother. The cognomen of Lucius Plotius P[...], proconsul of Cyprus in 81/82, has been argued to be Pegasus, and thus the proconsul is very likely his son, although Ronald Syme has argued that the cognomen is actually Pulcher and is an otherwise unknown member of the Plautii Silvani.
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Ailill mac Nath Í (died c. 482), called Ailill Molt, is included in most lists of the High Kings of Ireland and is also called King of Connacht. His cognomen, molt, means "ram" but its origin is unknown.
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Chase, pp. 125, 126. In this instance, the name seems to be derived from the Oscan nomen Papius, or its root, the cognomen Papus, indicating that the Papinii were probably of Sabine or Samnite extraction.Chase, pp. 114, 128.
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Chase, pp. 109, 110. Münzer, noting that the cognomen Cincinnatus is missing from the older historians, supposed that it might be a mistake, and that Vulso was the original surname of the Manlian gens.PW, vol. 27, p. 1157.
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Her cognomen Ysätter came from the swamp Ysätter () in Asker parish where she was born. She appeared to have lived in Asker parish, but she played jokes on people all over Närke and was unique to that region.
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The nomen Orbicius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed from other names, in this instance the Latin nomen Orbius, using the suffix -icius.Chase, p. 126. Orbius is derived from the cognomen Orbus, a waif or orphan.Chase, p. 131.
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Joannes Aurifaber (1519 - November 18, 1575), born Johann Goldschmidt in Weimar, Germany, was a Lutheran churchman, theologian, and a Protestant reformer. Owing to a similarly-named contemporary, he is sometimes distinguished by the cognomen Vimariensis or Vinariensis ("of Weimar").
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I, pp. 419, 420 ("Augurinus, II. Minucii Augurini")Chase, p. 112. Some of the early Augurini bore the additional cognomen Esquilinus, presumably because they lived on the Esquiline Hill. Later surnames of the gens included Rufus, Thermus, and Basilus.
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Aurelius Victor, De Viris Illustribus, 64.Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Vespillo. Carus, "dear", was a surname belonging to the poet Lucretius. On coins, the cognomen Trio is found, but it is not mentioned in any ancient writer.
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Gaius Sulpicius Gallus or GalusT. R. S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (American Philological Association, 1951, 1986), vol. 1, spells the cognomen as Galus rather than Gallus. () was a general, statesman and orator of the Roman Republic.
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Chase regards the nomen Orfius as the Oscan cognate of the Latin name Orbius, which is derived from the cognomen Orbus, meaning a waif or orphan. He suggests Orfa as the Oscan equivalent of Orbus.Chase, pp. 127, 128, 131.
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He received a triumph and the cognomen 'Macedonicus' for his victory. He was an opponent of Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus.Salazar, Christine F. Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopedia of the Ancient World Vol 2. Boston: Brill Leiden. 2003. 874-879.
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Lucius Julius, possibly with the cognomen Caesar, a praetor in Cisalpine Gaul in 183 BC. His mission was to keep Transalpine Gauls from settling in the area of Aquileia, without resorting to war.Livy 39.45.6–7; Broughton, MRR1, p. 378.
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110, 111. Zosimus, borne by one of the Tanicii, is a Greek name, and would have been a personal surname, possibly the birth name of a freedman of one of the Tanicii, retained by him as a cognomen after his manumission.
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Pseudo-Aristotle is a general cognomen for authors of philosophical or medical treatises who attributed their work to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, or whose work was later attributed to him by others. Such falsely attributed works are known as pseudepigrapha.
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The nomen Orbilius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed from other names, in this instance the Latin nomen Orbius, using the diminutive suffix .Chase, p. 122–123. Orbius is derived from the cognomen Orbus, a waif or orphan.Chase, p. 131.
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All of these are ultimately derived from the cognomen Scaeva, originally referring to someone left-handed, or by extension someone strongly affected by fate, whether for good or ill.Chase, p. 109.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. scaeva, scaevus.
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Lexicon over Adelige Familier i Danmark, Norge og Hertugdømmerne, II B, XII, no. 17, The Royal Danish Genealogical and Heraldic Society, 1782–1813 He was usually known by his cognomen Paus, but his patronymic Sigurdsson is also used in some sources.
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Joannes Aurifaber Vratislaviensis (30 January 151719 October 1568), born Johann Goldschmidt in Breslau, was a Lutheran theologian and Protestant reformer. He adopted the cognomen Vratislaviensis ("of Breslau") to distinguish himself from another writer of his time, the Joannes Aurifaber from Weimar.
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Chase posits an alternative etymology: that Pompeius and similar names were instead derived from pompa, a procession, or a derived cognomen Pompo, meaning not "fifth", but a participant in a procession; but he concludes that all of these hypotheses are uncertain.
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Panegyrici latini, 7.12–13 QUI . As a result of these successes, Constantine was awarded the cognomen Germanicus Maximus at the end of the year.Y. Le Bohec, Armi e guerrieri di Roma antica. Da Diocleziano alla caduta dell'impero, Roma 2008. pp.
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The similarity of the Roman cognomen Otho is entirely coincidental. The spelling Otto is first recorded s.a. 744 in the charters of the Diocese of Constance (ed. Neugart, codex diplomaticus Alamanniae, 1791) and becomes increasingly common in the High Medieval period.
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Capitolina came from a distinguished family of Equestrian rank. She was born and raised in Alexandria, Egypt. Capitolina was the daughter and only child of Tiberius Claudius Balbilus by his unnamed wife. The cognomen Capitolina, is probably from her maternal side.
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The only significant branch of the Apustia gens at Rome bore the cognomen Fullo. It was probably derived from the occupation of one of the Apustii, a cleaner of woolen cloths.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The only distinct family of the Publilii under the Republic bore the cognomen Philo, from the Greek "to love". One member of this family bore the additional surname Volscus, a Volscian, presumably for some deed involving the Volsci.Chase, p. 114.
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The only cognomen of the Afranii in the time of the Republic is Stellio, referring to a spotted newt or lizard, perhaps with the implication that the bearer was crafty. Other surnames are found under the Empire.Chase, pp. 112, 113.
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110, 111. From the surname arose both Justinus, a diminutive cognomen, and the nomen Justius. Justinius must have been formed from one of these two, using the gentile-forming suffix ', which could form new gentilicia from either nomina or cognomina.Chase, pp.
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The descendants of Torquatus remained prominent until the final decades of the Republic, and adopted the torque as an emblem upon their coins. Imperiosus, a cognomen borne by Torquatus and his father, was bestowed on account of their imperious manner.
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The nomen Silius is derived from the cognomen Silus, originally designating someone with an upturned nose. It was one of a large class of cognomina derived from the physical characteristics of an individual.Festus, s.v. Silus.Cicero, De Natura Deorum, i. 29.
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Badian, "The Clever and the Wise", pp. 6–7 (and note 6).Evans, "Review", pp. 765–766. The Sulpicii Galli were a family of the second and third centuries BC. Their cognomen may refer to a cock, or to a Gaul.
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His agnomen, "Germanicus", was a cognomen ex virtue, and would at first be a suffix at the end of his full name, and became the first part of his full name following his adoption into the Julii, as his original praenomen and nomen were removed, "Germanicus" was retained, and thus attained usage as his praenomen preceding the new additions (the nomen "Julius", and cognomen "Caesar", respectively) . Upon Germanicus' adoption into the Julii, his brother Claudius became the sole legal representative of his father, and his brother inherited the agnomen "Germanicus" as the new head of the family.
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Proculus was an uncommon name, but was occasionally used by both patrician and plebeian families. Those known to have used it included the Betutii, Geganii, Julii, Sertorii, and Verginii; and naturally Proculus must once have been used by the ancestors of the gentes Proculeia and Procilia. Other families which later used the name as a cognomen may originally have used it as a praenomen. The scholar Varro described Proculus as an archaic praenomen, which was no longer in general use by the first century BC. As a cognomen, however, Proculus was still common, and it became even more so during imperial times.
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Servius belonged to the patrician gens Cornelia, one of the oldest and most successful gentes of the Republic; no other gens had more consulships than the Cornelii. The cognomen Maluginensis is the first recorded among the Cornelii; it was first borne by Servius Cornelius, also the first consul of the gens. Servius was the son of Publius Cornelius Maluginensis, consular tribune in 404, and the grandson of Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis, consul in 436. He also had an elder brother, Publius Cornelius Maluginensis, the first to bear the famous cognomen of Scipio, who was consular tribune in 397, 395, and 394.
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Since the cognomen III Italica Gordiana is recorded, vexellations (sub-units) of the legion were involved in Emperor Gordian III's campaign against the Sassanid Empire in 243–244. As part of the powerful Danubian army, III Italica took part in the frequent 3rd century internal power struggles. The legion fought for Gallienus against his rival Postumus, so it was awarded with the VI Pia VI Fidelis and VII Pia VII Fidelis (seven times faithful and loyal) cognomen. III Italica main camp was still Regensburg, but they were included in the 273 campaign commanded by emperor Aurelian against queen Zenobia.
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The only distinct family of the Velii bore the cognomen Rufus, "red", one of a large class of surnames deriving from a person's physical appearance. This cognomen would probably have been given to an ancestor of the Velii who had red hair.Chase, p. 110. The other cognomina borne by the Velii appear to have been personal surnames, including Celer, swift, Fidus, faithful, and Longus, tall, alluding to the traits or characteristics of an individual, while Senex refers to an old man, and Cerealis, a devotee of Ceres, the goddess of the harvest, or to the grain with which she was associated.
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Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft The praenomen Septimus was quite rare at Rome, but it seems to have been more popular in rural Italy. It was certainly used by the gentes Marcia and Modia, and must have been used by the ancestors of gens Septimia. Chase cites two inscriptions in which it occurs after the nomen of a woman, in the place usually occupied by the cognomen. However, Septimus is not otherwise attested as a cognomen in either family, suggesting that the order of names was reversed, and that the praenomen was used by the Aebutii and Casperii.
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The cognomen Lepidus belongs to a class of surnames derived from the habits of the habits of the bearer, and evidently referred to someone with a pleasant demeanor.Chase, pp. 110, 111. The Aemilii Lepidi appear only a generation after the Aemilii Paulli, beginning with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, consul in 285 BC, and produced many illustrious statesmen down to the first century AD. In the final decades of the Republic, they revived a number of names originally belonging to older stirpes of the Aemilian gens, including Mamercus as a praenomen, Regillus as a cognomen, and Paullus as both.
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Crassus, sometimes given as the diminutive Crassinus, was a common surname usually translated as "thick, solid," or "dull".Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, "Crassus". This cognomen succeeded that of Sabinus as the surname of the main family of the Claudia gens. It was borne by members of the family from the fifth to the third century BC. The other main families of the patrician Claudii were descended from Appius Claudius Caecus, the last recorded member of the Claudii Crassi, who gave a different cognomen to each of his four sons: Russus (or Rufus), Pulcher, Cento or Centho, and Nero.
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514 ("Potitus"). Maximus, the superlative of magnus, "great", was the cognomen of the Valerii descended from the third brother, Manius Valerius Volusus, who first bore the surname. The Valerii Maximi appear in history down to the First Punic War, after which time the surname was replaced by Messalla or Messala, a cognomen derived from the city of Messana in Sicilia. The first to bear this name received it after relieving Messana from a Carthaginian blockade in 264 BC. The Valerii Messallae held numerous consulships and other high offices in the Roman state, remaining prominent well into imperial times.
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The Scipiones used a number of personal nicknames to distinguish themselves from other prominent men of the family.Münzer, Roman Aristocratic Parties, p. 353. Corculum's father used the agnomen Nasica ("nosed"), which was retained by his descendants—including Corculum—as a second cognomen.
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"Einar Tambarskjelve", Store norske leksikon Several references are made to him in Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla. His cognomen, Thambarskelfir, has two strongly differing explanations. One is that it is derived from ', meaning "shaking bowstring". Thus, the name suggests a master of the longbow.
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The only family of the Cocceii known under the late Republic bore the cognomen Nerva. A number of personal cognomina were borne by other members of the gens, including Auctus, Balbus, Genialis, Justus, Nepos, Nigrinus, Proculus, Rufinus, and Verus.Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft.
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Titus LiviusTitus is the praenomen (the personal name); Livius is the nomen (the gentile name, i.e. "belonging to the gens Livia"). Therefore, Titus Livius did not have a cognomen (third name, i.e. family name), which was not unusual during the Roman Republic.
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Some of his descendants achieved consular rank and took the cognomen Africanus in honour of his service in Africa.C. B. R. Pelling, "Sextius, Titus", in Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd rev. ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
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The Sextilii were not divided into families with distinctive surnames. Most of the Sextilii under the Republic bore no cognomen, but a few surnames are found in later times and under the Empire.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Although the plebeian Verginii are also mentioned at an early period, none of them had any cognomen. Under the Empire there are Verginii with other surnames.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary (1963).
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All of the Perpernae who are mentioned by the ancient historians appear to have belonged to a single family, and only one of them bore a cognomen. Marcus Perperna, the betrayer of Sertorius, bore the surname Vento. Other Perpernae are known from inscriptions.
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Lucius belonged to the patrician gens Aebutia, which was of Etruscan origin. The cognomen Helva is likewise Etruscan, and has been found on an inscription from the city of Clusium, possibly the hometown of the gens.CIR, n°2270.Ogilvie, Commentary, p. 284.
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This common cognomen implied a lesser deficit than Strabo, "squinty", Luscus, "one-eyed", or Caecus, "blind", and could even be regarded as endearing; it was an epithet of Venus.Chase, p. 109.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. paetus, caecus, luscus, strabo.
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The nomen Stellius is derived from the Latin Stella, a star, which sometimes appears as a cognomen, in its original form, or in the derivative form Stellio.Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, s.v. stella."Arruntius Stella", Tacitus, Annales, xiii. 22; Statius, Silvae, i. (dedicatio).
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An alternative derivation would be from the cognomen Petrus, a rustic, although this may also derive from the Oscan praenomen. Petronius belongs to a large class of gentilicia derived from other names ending in -o, most of which are plebeian.Chase, pp. 118–120.
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Quintus Roscius (ca. 126 BC – 62 BC) was a Roman actor. The cognomen Gallus is dubious, as it appears only once as a scholia in a manuscript of Cicero's Pro Archia.Q. Roscius in the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The root of the nomen Justinius is the cognomen Justus, referring to someone known for being "just" or "fair".New College Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. justus. This was one of a large class of surnames derived from the character of an individual.Chase, pp.
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Marcus LolliusHazel, Who's Who in the Roman World, p.171 perhaps with the cognomen PaulinusMarcus Lollius no. 5 article at ancient library (c. 55 BC- after 2 BC) was a Roman politician, military officer and supporter of the first Roman emperor Augustus.
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Germanicus is a cognomen used by the Julio-Claudian family, given to all of Nero Claudius Drusus' male descendants due to his victory in Germania. As a Roman victory title, it was also given to other Romans (usually emperors) due to their glory in Germania.
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Suetonius also speaks of the additional cognomen Pater Patriae,Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, Divus Iulius 76 ; the neuter variant Parens Patriae is also known from a statue of Caesar in Rome. which would render Caesar's complete name as Imperator Gaius Iulius Caesar Pater Patriae Divus.
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The only distinct family of the Tineii bore the cognomen Rufus, red. This was a common surname, typically given to those who had red hair.Chase, p. 110. Several members of this family bore additional cognomina, including Sacerdos, a priest, and Clemens, pleasant or gentle.
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Paciaecus or Paciacus, the cognomen of another member of the gens, does not appear to be of Roman origin, although it may be that Paccianus or Pacianus is the correct form.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 80 (Lucius Junius Paciacus).
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Upanishad Brahmayogin is the cognomen of Rāmachandrendra Sarasvati (fl. 1800 CE), a sannyasin and Advaitin scholar of the upanishads. He is credited with having written commentaries on all 108 upanishads of the Muktika canon. His works have been translated and published by the Adyar Library.
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Moreover, several Gellii are known for the 1st century BC; they took the cognomen Poplicola ("of the people"), which could reveal a link with the Populares. Evidences have nevertheless been judged too thin by later scholars; John Briscoe does not even discuss this theory.
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113, 114. A freedman of the Annaei bore the cognomen Cornutus. The surname Florus, "shining", was used by a second-century poet, and perhaps also a historian of the same period, although whether he was actually a member of this gens is uncertain.Chase, pp.
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This gave Rørik the cognomen Slyngebond (sling-bracelets). However, Ubbe decided to take the challenge anyway. In the duel both champions died, but the Slavs were impressed and agreed to continue paying the tribute. Rørik appointed Horwendil and Feng as the rulers of Jutland.
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The nomen Justius is derived from the cognomen Justus, one of a class of surnames referring to the character or habits of an individual, in this case describing someone as "just", "fair", or "righteous".New College Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. justus.Chase, pp. 110, 111.
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Molière: A Theatrical Life - Page 42 Virginia Scott - 2002 "Taviani identifies Lucrezia as a courtesan because of her name that, in the fashion of courtesans, joins a Roman first name to a geographical surname and because the contract was signed in a house owned or leased by her at a time when " With medieval writers, Christian, Jewish and Muslim, whose works circulated around many countries, geographical cognomens sometimes served to distinguish better than "son of," "ben" or "ibn." Roman Military commanders often took a second cognomen, an agnomen, recalling a victorious campaign: Africanus, Asiaticus, Macedonicus, Numantinus. These may be inherited as in the case of Augustus who inherited the cognomen Thurinus.
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Although originally a personal name, the cognomen frequently became hereditary, especially in large families, or gentes, in which they served to identify distinct branches, known as stirpes. Some Romans had more than one cognomen, and in aristocratic families it was not unheard of for individuals to have as many as three, of which some might be hereditary and some personal. These surnames were initially characteristic of patrician families, but over time cognomina were also acquired by the plebeians. However, a number of distinguished plebeian gentes, such as the Antonii and the Marii, were never divided into different branches, and in these families cognomina were the exception rather than the rule.
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If further distinction were needed, she could be identified as a particular citizen's daughter or wife. For instance, Cicero refers to a woman as Annia P. Anni senatoris filia, which means "Annia, daughter of Publius Annius, the senator". However, toward the end of the Republic, as hereditary cognomina came to be regarded as proper names, a woman might be referred to by her cognomen instead, or by a combination of nomen and cognomen; the daughter of Lucius Caecilius Metellus was usually referred to as Caecilia Metella. Sometimes these cognomina were given diminutive forms, such as Agrippina from the masculine Agrippa, or Drusilla from Drusus.
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In subsequent generations, all reigning emperors assumed Imperator as an additional praenomen (usually without foregoing their original praenomina), and Augustus as a cognomen. Caesar came to be used as a cognomen designating an heir apparent; and for the first two centuries of the empire, most emperors were adopted by their predecessors. The result was that each emperor bore a series of names that had more to do with the previous emperor than the names with which he had been born. They added new cognomina as they fought and conquered enemies and new lands, and their filiations recorded their descent from a series of gods.
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The cognomen Campeador derives from Latin campi doctor, which means "battlefield master". He probably gained it during the campaigns of King Sancho II of Castile against his brothers King Alfonso VI of León and King García II of Galicia. While his contemporaries left no historical sources that would have addressed him as Cid, they left plenty of Christian and Arab records, some even signed documents with his autograph, addressing him as Campeador, which prove that he used the Christian cognomen himself.See Ramón Menéndez Pidal, «Autógrafos inéditos del Cid y de Jimena en dos diplomas de 1098 y 1101», Revista de Filología Española, t. 5 (1918), Madrid, Sucesores de Hernando, 1918.
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Caecilia Attica is several times mentioned in the letters between her father and Cicero. Cicero was very fond of this little girl, whom he would never see growing into an adult as he was murdered in 43 BC. He gave her the pet name Attica, the feminine equivalent to her father's cognomen Atticus. (In Rome women generally did not have a cognomen; their name was just the feminine form of their father's surname, in Caecilia's case Caecilius). In his letters to Atticus Cicero often sent greetings to her, and often asked if she had one of her bouts of high fever that caused distress to him.
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It was also the name of one of the legendary kings of Alba Longa, Agrippa Silvius, whose descendants came to Rome following the destruction of that city during the reign of Tullus Hostilius.Marcus Terentius Varro, quoted in De Praenominibus (epitome by Julius Paris)Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, books I-V Although the name is not known to have been used as a praenomen by any other gentes, it appeared as a cognomen in several families, including the Asinii, Fonteii, Haterii, Julii, and Vipsanii. Each of these families may once have used Agrippa as a praenomen. As a cognomen, the name survived into Imperial times.
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5 Prince Petru in Târgoviște's Princely Church (1690s fresco) Iorga proposes that Marcu was named after Prince Marko, a semi- legendary hero of the anti-Ottoman struggle "for Christendom".Iorga (1934), p. 78 His other name was his father's cognomen, meaning "Earring"—from Petru's distinguishing accessory.
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Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. IV, p. 52.Orelli, Inscriptionum Latinarum. Silanus appears to be a lengthened form of Silus, "snub-nosed", which occurs as a cognomen in the Sergia and Terentia gentes, and is not connected with the Greek Silenus, who was nonetheless depicted on their coins.
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He followed this with P.C. 1740, which proposed equitable salaries between men and women, attending a pre-existing imbalance between genders. On March 17, 2014, Natal presented a bill to attend water scarcity by prohibiting its exportation during droughts, which received the cognomen of P. C. 1764.
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Rudolf Hanslik, "Volusia Q.f. Cornelia 23", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, Supplement 9A, col. 1863 She was born and raised in Rome. Her Cognomen Cornelia, she inherited from paternal great-grandmother Cornelia Lentula, the daughter of the consul of 3 BC, Lucius Cornelius LentulusLevick, Tiberius the Politician, p.
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The nomen Rufrius seems to be derived from the Latin ruber, red or ruddy, and is frequently confused with Rufius, derived from the similar rufus, red. Ruber may have been a cognomen given to someone with red or reddish hair.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. ruber.
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Legio quarta Scythica ("Scythian Fourth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded c. 42 BC by the general Mark Antony, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence its other cognomen, Parthica. The legion was still active in Syria in the early 5th century.
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Other surnames appearing amongst the Horatii in later times may have been adopted by freedmen of the gens; the poet Horace was the son of a libertinus, and the cognomen Flaccus is not otherwise found amongst the Horatii.Plutarch, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, "Poplicola" 16.
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Tacitus, Annales, xv.10.3; 13.1. "An event in the life of a man or a family may be visibly commemorated by the choice of a cognomen," Syme observes. Sospes was the son of Paetus and Flavia, and the brother of Lucius Junius Caesennius Paetus, consul in 79.
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If so, it is unlikely he was born in Shrewsbury: the toponymic cognomen probably just refers to his long-term connection with the abbey. He appears first as prior of the abbey in 1137, suggesting a birth date around the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries.
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The nomen Furius is a patronymic surname derived from Fusus, apparently an ancient praenomen that had fallen out of use before historical times. This name was preserved, however, as a cognomen used by many of the early Furii, including the families of the Medullini and the Pacili'.
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After this family, the next cognomen of the Marcii was Philippus, a Greek name, which first appears as the surname of Quintus Marcius, the consul of 281 BC; but this may anticipate the adoption of the name by his descendant, for a certain Lucius Marcius of this family is said to have had some connection with Philip V of Macedon; his son, Quintus Marcius Philippus, was consul in 186 BC, and it may therefore have been Lucius who was the first to obtain the cognomen. The initial cognomen of the family may have been Tremulus, since the filiations given in the Fasti link Quintus Marcius Tremulus, consul in 306, and his probable son Quintus Marcius Philippus, consul in 281. Philippus means "lover of horses", and the name had for centuries been associated with the Macedonian kings; Philip II was the father of Alexander the Great. So wide was the fame of this dynasty, that it is not entirely impossible that the name had reached Rome at an earlier date.
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The Rajmala continues that Ratna later revisited Bengal and in gratitude for the Sultan's help, he presented to him an elaborately caparisoned elephant and a ruby (manikya) as gifts. In response, the Sultan awarded him the title of Manikya, which supposedly from then on became a dynastic cognomen.
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M. Gavius Apicius apparently owed his cognomen (his third name) to an earlier Apicius, who lived around 90 BC, whose family name it may have been: if this is true, Apicius had come to mean "gourmand" as a result of the fame of this earlier lover of luxury.
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Birley, pg. 340 His praenomen and nomen Marcus Antonius suggest that his paternal ancestors received Roman citizenship under the Triumvir Mark Antony, or one of his daughters, during the late Roman Republic.Birley, pg. 340 Gordian’s cognomen ‘Gordianus’ suggests that his family origins were from Anatolia, especially Galatia and Cappadocia.
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The earliest Tampii known from inscriptions came from Praeneste, an ancient city of Latium, probably indicating that they were Latins; but at least three of this gens bore the cognomen Sabinus, typically indicating a tradition of Sabine descent, or some other association with Sabine manners or appearance.Chase, p. 114.
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The nomen Crassicius belongs to a class of gentilicia originally formed from surnames ending in ', in this instance Crassicus, a lengthened form of Crassus.Chase, p. 126. This cognomen was derived from a Latin adjective meaning "thick", "dull", or "rude", and by extension also indicating someone fat.Chase, p. 110.
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The Sertorii of the Republic were not divided into distinct families. The general Sertorius was born at Nursia, in Sabinum, where his family had lived for several generations. In imperial times there was a family bearing the cognomen Brocchus, originally referring to someone with prominent teeth.Chase, p. 109.
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Cervinus is derived from cervus, a stag, and belongs to a common type of cognomen derived from familiar objects and animals. Hospes, a host, belongs to a class of surname deriving from the character or occupation of an individual.Chase, pp. 109–113.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v.
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The nomen Rutilius is derived from the Latin cognomen Rutilus, red or reddish, which was probably borne by an ancestor of the family who had red hair. The nomen belongs to a large class of gentilicia derived from other names using the suffix '.Chase, pp. 110, 122, 123.
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The imams based their legitimacy on descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, mostly via the prominent Zaydiyya theologian al-Qasim ar-Rassi (d. 860) - his cognomen refers to ar-Rass, a property in the vicinity of Mecca that he owned.Encyklopädie des Islam, Vol. 3, Leiden 1936, p. 1216.
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Al-Mansur al-Qasim (November 13, 1559 – February 19, 1620), with the cognomen al-Kabir (the Great), was an Imam of Yemen, who commenced the struggle to liberate Yemen from the Ottoman occupiers. He was the founder of a Zaidi kingdom that endured, under many vicissitudes, until 1962.
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285 ("Marcius Philippus", nos. 1–3).Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, pp. 307, 308. Friedrich Münzer considers that the Marcii bearing the cognomen Figulus ("potter") were linked to the Philippi; the first of that name might have been the second son of Quintus Marcius Philippus, the consul of 281.
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The nomen Romanius belongs to a large class of gentilicia formed from surnames ending in the suffix -anus, typically derived from place-names. Here the name is derived from a cognomen, Romanus, referring to a resident of Rome itself.Chase, p. 118.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Romanus.
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A number of Annii during the Republic bore no cognomen. The main family of the Annii was surnamed Luscus, "bleary-eyed" or, "one-eyed". One member of this family bore the additional surname Rufus, probably in reference to his red hair.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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The name Mago was a common masculine given name among the Carthaginian elite. It meant "Godsent". The cognomen or epithet means "thunderbolt" or "shining". It is cognate with the Arabic name Barq and the Hebrew name Barak and equivalent to the Greek Keraunos, which was borne by contemporary commanders.
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According to Demetrios I. Polemis, who compiled the only overview work on the bearers of the Doukas name, in view of this lack of genealogical continuity "it would be a mistake to view the groups of people designated by the cognomen of Doukas as forming one large family"..
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No surnames of the Maenii occur in ancient historians, but from the coins of the gens, we know that some of them bore the cognomen Antiaticus, in honour of the victory of the consul Gaius Maenius over the Latins in 338 BC, leading to the capture of Antium.
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A&C; Black. Had Lord Brionne not been murdered, the senior house of de Clare would probably have been titled de Brionne. Lord Brionne was the first to be known by the cognomen Crispin because of his hair style which stood up like the branches of a pine tree.
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Marcius Censorinus was a member of the plebeian Marcia gens of ancient Rome. The cognomen Censorinus was acquired through Gaius Marcius Rutilus, the first plebeian censor, whose son used it. The gens Marcia claimed descent from both Ancus Marcius, a King of Rome, and symbolically from Marsyas the satyr.
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I, p. 220. A number of other surnames are found from the final century of the Republic onwards. The famous censor Lucius Cassius Longinus also used the agnomen Ravilla. A single Caecianus is known; his cognomen shows that he or an ancestor was adopted from the gens Caecia.
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Livy, ix. 29. Caecus' brother, who shared the same praenomen, was distinguished by the cognomen Caudex, literally meaning a "treetrunk", although metaphorically it was an insult, meaning a "dolt." According to Seneca, he obtained the surname from his attention to naval affairs.Seneca the Younger, De Brevitate Vitae, 13.
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The patrician Tullii bore the cognomen Longus, tall, but only one of them appears in history.Chase, p. 110. The notable plebeian families bore the surnames Decula and Cicero. The latter, among the most famous of Roman cognomina, belongs to a common class of surnames derived from familiar objects.
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John composed nine prayers of supplication (s. ) on, for example, Lent, the resurrection, and repentance, for which he earned the cognomen "of the Sedre". He also wrote three propitiatory prayers (pl. ) for the celebration of the Eucharist, a liturgy, and a homily on the consecration of the Chrism.
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He adopted the name "Caesar" as a cognomen, as the name still carried great weight with the populace. In order to do so, he dropped the cognomen "Nero" which he had adopted as paterfamilias of the Claudii Nerones when his brother Germanicus was adopted out. As Pharaoh of Egypt, Claudius adopted the royal titulary Tiberios Klaudios, Autokrator Heqaheqau Meryasetptah, Kanakht Djediakhshuemakhet ("Tiberius Claudius, Emperor and ruler of rulers, beloved of Isis and Ptah, the strong bull of the stable moon on the horizon"). While Claudius had never been formally adopted either by Augustus or his successors, he was nevertheless the grandson of Augustus' sister Octavia, and so he felt that he had the right of family.
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As a result, by the third century the cognomen became the most important element of the Roman name, and frequently the only one that was useful for distinguishing between individuals. In the later empire, the proliferation of cognomina was such that the full nomenclature of most individuals was not recorded, and in many cases the only names surviving in extant records are cognomina. By the sixth century, traditional Roman cognomina were frequently prefixed by a series of names with Christian religious significance. As Roman institutions vanished, and the distinction between nomen and cognomen ceased to have any practical importance, the complex system of cognomina that developed under the later empire faded away.
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Martial, XII.57 Experts did not seriously question this identification as his cognomen "Sparsus" is, as Ronald Syme wrote in an article published in the Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, "preternaturally rare". He was only able to find it in the names of three provincials -- one living in Nemausus and two in Tarraconensis -- and two Romans, a rhetor frequently cited by Seneca the Elder, and Gaius Lusius Sparsus, suffect consul in 157;Syme, "Pliny the Procurator", Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 73 (1969), pp. 231f the existence of a third Roman with this cognomen, Gaius Pomponius Rufus Acilius Priscus Coelius Sparsus, consul in 98, was learned of after Syme wrote his paper.
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Sabinus is an ancient Roman cognomen originally meaning "Sabine"; that is, it indicated origin among the Sabines, an ancient people of Latium. It was used by a branch of the gens Flavia, of the gens Calvisia, and several others, and is by far the most common of the cognomina indicating ethnic origin that were in use during the Republican and Augustan eras. Sabine heritage carried a positive stereotype of traditional values and trustworthiness, and since the cognomen may have been appropriated by some politicians for its aura of uprightness, it should not always be taken as a mark of authentic Sabine origin.Gary D. Farney, Ethnic Identity and Aristocratic Competition in Republican Rome (Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 90ff. online.
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Other examples of names that may once have been praenomina include Fusus, an early cognomen of gens Furia, and Cossus, a cognomen of gens Cornelia. By the 1st century B.C., the praenomina remaining in general use at Rome were: Appius, Aulus, Caeso, Decimus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Mamercus, Manius, Marcus, Numerius, Publius, Quintus, Servius, Sextus, Spurius, Titus, and Tiberius. However, older names continued to be revived from time to time, especially in noble families, and they probably continued to be used outside Rome. By the 2nd century A.D., several of these names had also passed out of general use at Rome, leaving Aulus, Decimus, Gaius, Gnaeus, Lucius, Manius, Marcus, Numerius, Publius, Quintus, Sextus, Titus, and Tiberius.
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The Strumilowa cognomen was added to pay homage to Jerzy Strumillo, the city owner. Jerzy Strumillo, who was the city of Lviv chamberlain, granted the village of Kamianka the civic rights. In the year of 1471 he also founded and furnished the Latin rite church and the parish in Kamianka.
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The surnames of the Helvii under the Republic included Blasio, Cinna, and Mancia, but several of the family appear without a cognomen. Under the Empire, a number of Helvii are found with the surname Rufus, but it is not apparent whether they constituted a distinct family of the Helvia gens.
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Aper's cognomen (i.e. 'Aper') translates into English as 'wild boar'. Again, is not known whether this was a diacritic associated with that branch of the Flavian clan to which Aper is thought to have belonged or whether ir was a nickname derived from some personal characteristic of the man himself.
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As a cognomen, Spurinna appears in the Vestricia gens, the members of which gained considerable fame from the time of Caesar to that of Trajan, but the majority of epigraphic occurrences are as a nomen gentilicium.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 897, 898 ("Vestritius Spurinna").
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Shifting Genres in Late Antiquity, Hugh Elton, Geoffrey Greatrex, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2015, , p. 259.Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire, András Mócsy, Routledge, 2014, , p. 350. The cognomen Iustinianus, which he took later, is indicative of adoption by his uncle Justin.
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Chase, pp. 109, 110. Another of the surnames of the Rutilii, Calvus, indicated someone bald, while Lupus, a wolf, belongs to a common type of cognomen derived from familiar objects and animals.Chase, pp. 112, 113.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Lupus. Flaccus indicated someone flabby, or with floppy ears.
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Erik Weatherhat leading the army to the right. He controls the winds so that the ship turns in his direction. Erik Weatherhat () was a legendary king of Sweden. According to the Swedish Chronicle, the cognomen Weatherhat refers to the accommodating wind he enjoyed whilst pillaging in the Baltic Sea region.
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The only cognomen associated with the Albinii is Paterculus, a diminutive of pater, which may be translated as "little father", "uncle", or "daddy".Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, EditorGeorge Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897).
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Harald Grenske (10th century) was a petty king in Vestfold in Norway. Harald Grenske was the son of Gudrød Bjørnsson. Gudrød is claimed to have been grandson of Harald Fairhair and the king of Vestfold. Harald's cognomen Grenske is due to his being raised in the district of Grenland, Norway.
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The only surname of the Autronii was Paetus, a cognomen in many other gentes. It originally signified a person who had a slight cast in the eye, but it did not indicate such a complete distortion of vision as Strabo.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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In 107 BC he was displaced from his command by Marius. On his return he was granted a triumph and the cognomen Numidicus. He later became a censor, entering into exile in opposition to Marius. Metellus Numidicus enjoyed a reputation for integrity in an era when Roman politics was increasingly corrupt.
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Chase, pp. 109, 110. The surname Cincinnatus refers to someone with fine, curly hair, as does the agnomen Crispinus, which belonged to the later Capitolini. A few of the Quinctii bear both the surnames Cincinnatus and Capitolinus, and men of both families also bore the cognomen Pennus (sometimes found as Poenus).
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The nomen Pacilius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed from other names, using the suffix '.Chase, pp. 123. In this case, the nomen is derived from the cognomen Pacilus, a name of Oscan origin, itself perhaps derived from the Oscan Paccius, which was used both as praenomen and gentilicium.Chase, pp.
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The nomen Didius or Deidius is of uncertain origin. It resembles a class of gentilicia formed from cognomina ending in -idus, but might be derived from a cognomen Dida. Chase classifies it among those gentilicia that either originated at Rome, or cannot be shown to have come from anywhere else.Chase, pp.
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Saloninus was derived from the Salonia gens, an ancient but undistinguished family from which this branch of the Asinii may have been descended. Celer, swift, belongs to a large class of surnames describing an individual's habits or physical characteristics. Gallus, a cockerel, is the same type of cognomen as Asina.Chase, pp.
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10, John Lydus de mensibus 4.115). In response, the city granted honors to Tiberius. Evidence from coinage reveals that Caligula helped the city; under Vespasian, Philadelphia received his cognomen, Flavia. Under Caracalla, Philadelphia housed an imperial cult; its coins bore the word Neokoron (literally, "temple- sweeper"—caretaker of the temple).
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Eleanor Winsor Leach claimed, in her Lacanian analysis "Gendering Clodius",Eleanor Winsor Leach, "Gendering Clodius," Classical World 94 (2001) 335–359. that the frequency and intensity of Cicero's word plays on the cognomen Pulcher ("handsome, lovely")Tatum, Patrician Tribune, p. 43 online. show a certain fascination that masqueraded under rebuke.
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The surname Calvus was originally given to a person who was bald,Chase, p. 110 and it was the cognomen of the earliest family of the Licinii to distinguish itself under the Republic. The first of this family bore the agnomen Esquilinus, probably because he lived on the Esquiline Hill.Chase, pp.
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Chase, pp. 121, 122. In this instance, the name was probably formed from the nomen Orfius, or perhaps the cognomen Orfitus, both of which are probably derived from the Oscan cognate of the Latin Orbus, a waif or orphan.Chase, pp. 127, 128, 131.Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, s. v. Orbus.
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The only regular cognomen of the Iallia gens was Bassus, which belonged to the senatorial family. This was a common surname, originally referring to someone who might be described as "stout" or "sturdy", and was one of a large class of cognomina derived from a person's physical features.Chase, pp. 109, 110.
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The connection thus begun has been uncritically repeated to the modern day: but see Valentine's Day and Saint Valentine. The epithet or divine cognomen of Juno Purified and Purifying, Juno Februata, Februlis, Februta or Februalis is noted in William Smith, (1870) 1898. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and MythologyVol.
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The same cognomen was borne by a family of the Postumii, although in this instance the surname is supposed to have been derived from the Battle of Lake Regillus, in which the victorious Roman general was the dictator Aulus Postumius Albus.Livy, xxx. 45.Niebuhr, History of Rome, vol. i, p. 556.
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The only distinct family of the Serii bore the cognomen Augurinus, borne by the consular family of the second century. This was one of a large class of surnames derived from occupations, and probably indicating that the first member of the family to acquire the name was an augur.Chase, pp. 111, 112.
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Postumus is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was most common during the early centuries of the Roman Republic. It gave rise to the patronymic gens Postumia, and later became a common cognomen, or surname. The feminine form is Postuma. The name was not regularly abbreviated, but is sometimes found as Pos.
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The most illustrious family of the Ceionii bore the cognomen Commodus, meaning "friendly, obliging," or "pleasant." The agnomen Verus, meaning "true", was borne by some members of this family. Many other surnames occur, some of which were ordinary cognomina, such as Rufus, meaning "red" or "reddish," or Bassus, "stout".Chase, p. 110.
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As such, a stork appears next to Pietas on a coin issued by Metellus Pius (on whose cognomen see above).Pliny, Natural History 10.63; Anna Clark, Divine Qualities: Cult and Community in Republican Rome (Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 154–155; Catherine Connors, Petronius the Poet (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 59.
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Bellienus or Billienus, sometimes described as a cognomen of the Annii, was in fact a separate gens, although Cicero refers to a Gaius Annius Bellienus; it is not certain which of the Bellieni mentioned below actually belong to the Annia gens.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 481 ("Bellienus").
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Teatrimundo was a children's television series broadcast by WKAQ-TV in Puerto Rico from 1987-1991 in the form of edutainment. It was loosely inspired by The Muppet Show. Translated in English to "Small Theater World", the Spanish title is a portmanteau of teatro (theater) and Telemundo (at the time, WKAQ-TV's cognomen).
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Upon his adoption, Octavius assumed his great-uncle's name Gaius Julius Caesar. Roman citizens adopted into a new family usually retained their old nomen in cognomen form (e.g., Octavianus for one who had been an Octavius, Aemilianus for one who had been an Aemilius, etc.). However, though some of his contemporaries did,E.g.
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As a cognomen, it was applied to Romulus, the legendary founder and first King of Rome, and it was later applied to other persons, including a family of the Sulpicia gens, and deities, including Mars, Janus, and the deified Augustus.Dionysius, ii. 48.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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The only cognomen of the Pupii under the Republic is Rufus, red, usually referring to someone with red hair. This surname appears on coins of the Pupii bearing Greek inscriptions. The surname Piso, belonging to Marcus Pupius Piso, consul in 61 BC, was the result of his adoption from the Calpurnia gens.
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The only important surname of the Ovidii was Naso, borne by the poet. This was a relatively common cognomen, describing someone with a large or prominent nose, although it is not known whether Ovid himself had such a feature, or whether the surname was originally bestowed upon one of his ancestors.Chase, p. 109.
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The nomen Fulvius is evidently of Latin origin, and is derived from the cognomen Fulvus, originally designating someone with yellowish or golden-brown hair.Chase, p. 130.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. fulvus. Cicero reports that the Fulvii originally came to Rome from Tusculum, where some of them remained in his era.
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The main family of the Nummii bore the surname Albinus, "whitish", an old and honourable cognomen long associated with aristocratic Roman families.Chase, p. 110. Members of this family bore additional surnames, such as Senecio ("old man"), Justus ("just, upright"), Dexter ("right, fortunate"), and Tuscus ("Etruscan").New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v.
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He succeeded Antiochus of Lyon as bishop in 410AD and is well attested in the Episcopal lists and it was said of him that he well served his diocese, but outside of that nothing is known of his episcopate as his vita has been lost. His name was a common Roman cognomen.
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326, 327. The surname Pictor, borne by another family of the Fabii, signifies a painter,Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. "Pictor". and the earliest known member of this family was indeed a painter, famed for his work in the temple of Salus, built by Gaius Junius Bubulcus Brutus between 307 and 302 BC. The later members of this family, several of whom were distinguished in the arts, appear to have been his descendants, and must have taken their cognomen from this ancestor. The cognomen Labeo ("the one with large lips") appears at the beginning of the second century BC; Quintus Fabius Labeo, the first of that name, was also a poet, but his line vanished before the end of the century.
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The name was not usually abbreviated, but is sometimes found with the abbreviation Vop.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & MythologyRealencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft The praenomen Vopiscus was always rare, but it was familiar to the scholar Marcus Terentius Varro, who described it as an antique name, no longer in general use by the 1st century BC. The only family known to have used it was gens Julia, but as with other uncommon praenomina, it may have been more common amongst the plebeians and in the countryside. The name was later used as a cognomen, becoming more frequent in imperial times. Vopiscus may once have been a praenomen in families that later used it as a cognomen, such as the Flavii and the Pompeii.
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The nomen Canidius belongs to a common class of gentilicia formed from cognomina ending in '. It is derived from the cognomen Canidus, "whitish" or "greyish", itself derived from the Latin adjective canus or kanus, "white, grey", typically referring to the color of a person's hair, also sometimes used as a cognomen.Chase, pp. 121, 122.
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Adamantius is the academic journal of the Italian Research Group on Origen and the Alexandrian Tradition (, GIROTA). It publishes research on Christian literature and Jewish-Hellenistic studies, with a focus on the Alexandrian scholar and theologian Origen (c.184 – c.253). Origen's nickname or cognomen Adamantios derives from Greek and means "adamant" or "unbreakable".
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Quintus Marcius Philippus (Quintus Marcius Q. f. Q. n. Philippus) was a Roman consul in 281 BC. His father was probably Quintus Marcius Tremulus, consul in 306 and 288 BC. Instead of the cognomen Tremulus he took Philippus, which was further inherited by his descendants. He was elected consul together with Lucius Aemilius Barbula.
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John II (; 2 August 1455 – 9 January 1499) was Elector of Brandenburg from 1486 until his death, the fourth of the House of Hohenzollern. After his death he received the cognomen Cicero, after the Roman orator of the same name, but the elector's eloquence and interest in the arts is debatable.Herbert Eulenberg. The Hohenzollerns.
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The only cognomen associated with any of the Scantinii mentioned in history is Capitolinus, one of a large class of surnames derived from one's place of origin or residence. It indicated that its bearer or one of his ancestors lived on the Capitoline Hill, one of the Seven Hills of Rome.Chase, pp. 113, 114.
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It is possible that Edmond Rostand's fictionalized portrayal of Cyrano de Bergerac makes an allusion to the Ars amatoria: the theme of the erotic and seductive power of poetry is highly suggestive of Ovid's poem, and Bergerac's nose, a distinguishing feature invented by Rostand, calls to mind Ovid's cognomen, Naso (from nasus, 'large-nosed').
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Appian, Bellum Civile, i. p. 394. Crassus had the unusual distinction of marrying his wife Tertulla after she had been widowed by his brother. There were three main branches of the house of the Licinii Crassi in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC,deducible from their common gentilicium and cognomen, while Cic.Scaur. fragment at Ascon.
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The cognomen Flamininus borne by his descendants derives from this prestigious priesthood. Flamininus' great grandson later put an apex, the head covering of the Flamen, as a symbol of his family on a denarius he minted. Flamininus' father—also named Titus—is not known. He had two sons: the elder, Titus Flamininus, was born c.
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Albert II (; 28 March 15228 January 1557) was the Margrave of Brandenburg- Kulmbach (Brandenburg-Bayreuth) from 1527 to 1553. He was a member of the Franconian branch of the House of Hohenzollern. Because of his bellicose nature, Albert was given the cognomen Bellator ("the Warlike") during his lifetime. Posthumously, he became known as Alcibiades.
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The nomen Arpineius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed using the suffix -eius, typically formed from words or names ending in -as. The root of the nomen is the cognomen Arpinas, a surname indicating a relationship to the city of Arpinum in southern Latium, whence the ancestor of this family probably came.Chase, p. 120.
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The only family name of the Laelii was Balbus, a common cognomen, referring to one who stammers. A few of the Laelii used personal surnames, such as Sapiens ("wise"), by which the Laelius who was a friend of the younger Scipio Africanus was sometimes known.Chase, p. 110.The New College Latin & English Dictionary, "sapiens".
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Gaius OctaviusNo ancient source uses a cognomen (surname). The surname Rufus had belonged to his ancestor, Gnaeus Octavius, quaestor circa 230 BC. It was occasionally used (but more often ignored) by his descendants. (about 100 – 59 BC) was a Roman politician. He was an ancestor to the Roman Emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty.
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The only cognomen associated with the Cluentii is Habitus, also found as Abitus and Avitus. Habitus might refer to a person's manner of dress, style, or bearing; Avitus is derived from an adjective, meaning "grandfatherly, ancestral," and thus might indicate the senior branch of a family.Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. v. Habitus, Avitus.
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The nomen Licinius is derived from the cognomen Licinus, or "upturned", found in a number of Roman gentes.Chase, p. 109. Licinus may have been an ancient praenomen, but few examples of its use as such are known. The name seems to be identical with the Etruscan Lecne, which frequently occurs on Etruscan sepulchral monuments.
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The only cognomen associated with the Tarquitii of the Republic is Flaccus, a common surname originally describing someone flabby, or with floppy ears.Chase, p. 109. The other Tarquitii of the Republic bore no surname, but a variety of cognomina are found in imperial times, including Priscus, old or elder, and Catulus, a whelp.Chase, pp.
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Because the great majority of Roman gentilicia end in -ius, many writers have supposed Norbanus to have been a cognomen, perhaps belonging to a branch of the Junia gens. In fact, it is itself a nomen gentilicium, belonging to a class of nomina derived from place-names, and ending in -anus.Chase, p. 113, 118.
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515, 516 ("Praetextatus").Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. "praetextatus". The Sulpicii Longi flourished during the fourth century BC, from the time of the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 to the period of the Samnite Wars. The cognomen Longus may have been bestowed upon the ancestor of this family because he was particularly tall.
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The nomen Simplicius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed from surnames ending in ' or ', using the gentile-forming suffix '.Chase, p. 126. Its root is the cognomen Simplex, originally referring to someone "simple" or "unadorned" in character or manner. Surnames derived from the nature and habits of an individual were common at Rome.
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Juvenal indicates the pusio was more desirable than women because he was less quarrelsome and would not demand gifts from his lover.Juvenal, Satire 6.36–37; Erik Gunderson, "The Libidinal Rhetoric of Satire," in The Cambridge Companion to Roman Satire (Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 231. Pusio was also used as a personal name (cognomen).
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Varro described this praenomen as obsolete in the 1st century BC, implying that it had once been more common; but it seems that by reviving it in his own family, Sulla may have started a trend which continued for some centuries, and probably also contributed to the popularity of the name as a cognomen.
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Two cognomina of the gens are known from Republican times: Celer, which means "swift", belonged to a family of the Ninnii at Capua during the Second Punic War. The surname Quadratus is found amongst the Ninnii at Rome in the time of Cicero. The consular family of imperial times bore the cognomen Hasta, or the derived Hastianus.
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Benvenuto Rambaldi da Imola, or simply and perhaps more accurately Benvenuto da Imola The biography at treccani.it makes the point that the evidence that the cognomen Rambaldi was used during his lifetime is slight. () (1330 - 1388), was an Italian scholar and historian, a lecturer at Bologna. He is now best known for his commentary on Dante's Divine Comedy.
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Ronald Syme speculates Silanus came from Tres Galliae, and adds that "the cognomen need have nothing to do with the aristocratic Junii Silani."Syme, Some Arval Brethren, (Clarendon Press 1980), p. 53 He was co-opted into the Arval Brethren on 22 January 86 to replace the recently deceased Gaius Vipstanus Apronianus.Syme, Some Arval Brethren, pp.
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Birger Nerman's Det svenska rikets uppkomst (1925) (in Swedish). For presentations of the archaeological findings, see e.g. Elisabeth Klingmark's Gamla Uppsala, Svenska kulturminnen 59, Riksantikvarieämbetet (in Swedish), or this English language presentation by the Swedish National Heritage Board man in Scandinavian legend notable for giving Hrólfr Kraki (Hroðulf in Beowulf) his cognomen kraki, and for avenging his death.
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The Latin word imperator derives from the stem of the verb , meaning 'to order, to command'. It was originally employed as a title roughly equivalent to commander under the Roman Republic. Later it became a part of the titulature of the Roman Emperors as part of their cognomen. The English word emperor derives from imperator via .
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The only cognomen of the Segulii encountered under the Republic was Labeo, a common surname originally indicating someone with noticeably thick or prominent lips.Chase, p. 109. A variety of surnames are encountered in imperial times, many of which were the original names of freedmen who assumed Roman names upon their manumission; none of them appear to represent distinct families.
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However the JC disagrees with the other sources on the exact relationship between the three men. Cynlas' cognomen, "Goch", is only mentioned in the ABT. This is also the only source which specifically connects him with Rhos. The Bonedd y Saint, a genealogy of British saints, mentions other children of Owain Danwyn and apparent siblings of Cynlas.
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Chase, pp. 125, 126. Reginus, the surname and probable root of this nomen, belongs to a type of cognomen derived from the names of places, in this case the ancient city of Rhegium in Bruttium, presumable the place where the ancestors of the Reginii lived.Chase, pp. 113, 114.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Reginus.
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Marcus Domitius Calvinus (or possibly Lucius Domitius Calvinus)Domitius’ praenomen is given as Marcus in Livy and Lucius in Eutropius, while the cognomen Calvinus is Broughton’s correction of Plutarch’s text – see Broughton, pg. 85 (died 79 BC) was an ancient Roman politician and military commander who was killed during the early stages of the Sertorian War.
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Galba as a Roman cognomen is associated with a branch of the gens Sulpicia. Although the most famous bearer is the Emperor Galba in the 1st century AD, a Servius Sulpicius Galba also served under Caesar in Gaul.Bellum Gallicum 3.1–6 and 7.90. Suetonius says that in Gaulish Galba means "fat"Suetonius, Galba 3, Bill Thayer's edition at LacusCurtius.
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Etcheto, Les Scipions, p. 158, who shows that this man is listed several times under different names in the PW and Broughton because of his name change from Maluginensis to Scipio. The cognomen indicates that the family originated from (or had properties in) a town name Malugino, although no place of that name has been identified yet.Ogilvie, Commentary, p.
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It is quite uncertain whether the ancestors of Augustus had anything to do with rope-making. During the Republic, none of the Octavii of this family bore any cognomen other than Rufus, and even this is rarely mentioned. The surname, which means "red," may have been obtained by one of the Octavii because he had red hair.Chase, p. 110.
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39 now in Hampshire. The family's name in French was de l'Isle and was Latinised to de Insula (both meaning "from the island"). They were also known by the Latinised cognomen de BoscoWhitehead, p.115 (literally "from the woodland", from the Germanic word bosk, in French boisLarousse, Dictionnaire de la langue francaise, "Lexis", Paris, 1979, p.
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Paullus Fabius Persicus is believed to have been born in 2 or 1 BCE.Ronald Syme, Augustan Aristocracy (1989), p. 416 His cognomen - like the praenomen (Paullus) he shared with his father - was given to him to advertise his natural paternal descent from Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, who had defeated the last Macedonian monarch, Perseus, in 146 BCE.
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640 ("Ralla"). The cognomen Rex, meaning "king", is usually interpreted as an allusion to the family's traditional descent from Numa Pompilius and Ancus Marcius.Chase, p. 112. However, another possibility is that the surname was borne by the descendants of a certain Marcus Marcius, Rex Sacrorum during the third century BC, and perhaps the first plebeian to hold that office.
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He later disposed of five more kings, and he thus earned the name Illråde (ill-ruler) as he fulfilled his promise. Snorri Sturluson tells that it was a common saying that Ingjald killed twelve kings by deceiving them that he only wished for peace, and that he thus earned his cognomen Illråde (ill-ruler or ill-adviser).
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In 1959 he qualified as a full professor at Tübingen with the habilitation thesis, Das etruskische Cognomen (published in 1963 by Harrassowitz). In 1966, Rix took a position at the newly established University of Regensburg and in 1982 professorship at the University of Freiburg. He retired in 1993 and died in 2004 in Colmar from a traffic accident.
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Grünewald, Bandits in the Roman Empire, pp. 112–114. The possible meanings of the name Bulla Felix contribute to the fictional or symbolic qualities of the bandit leader. Felix was a cognomen adopted by Roman generals and heads of state from at least the time of the dictator Sulla, and had been used most recently by Severus's predecessor, Commodus.
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27, p. 1207. The cognomen Torquatus was first received by Atticus' great-great- grandfather Titus Manlius Imperiosus in 361 after he had defeated a Gaul in single combat, and took his torque as a trophy.Livy, vii. 10. The torque then became the emblem of the family, whose members proudly put it on the coins they minted.
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200 online. The ethnic cognomen Sabinus ("Sabine") is found with the nomen Calvisius for the first time in his name, but inscriptions point toward a probable origin in the Latin colony of Spoletium (Spoleto). He belonged to the voting tribe Horatia.Susan Treggiari, "Social Status and Social Legislation," in Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge University Press, 1996, reprinted 2004), vol.
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The first of this family to obtain the consulship bore the additional surname Hypsaeus, later spelled Ypsaeus on coins, which was evidently a personal cognomen, as it does not appear again for over a century, when this name replaces the older Venno.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, pp. 540, 541 ("Hypsaeus"), vol.
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As well as protect it from neighboring tribes.The legion is also known as Maximiana Thebanorum or Thebaeorum ("Maximian legion of the Thebans"). Since no Legio I Maximiana is listed as being stationed at Thebes in the Notitia Dignitatum, the designation is interpreted more broadly as of the Thebaid in general. The cognomen Maximiana originated from Maximian, Diocletian's colleague.
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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 605 ("Quinctius Capitolinus", No. 1). The cognomen Capitolinus is derived from the Mons Capitolinus, or Capitoline Hill, one of the famous seven hills of Rome.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 603 ("Capitolinus"). The agnomen Barbatus of this family means "bearded".
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The three types of names that have come to be regarded as quintessentially Roman were the praenomen, nomen, and cognomen. Together, these were referred to as the tria nomina. Although not all Romans possessed three names, the practice of using multiple names having different functions was a defining characteristic of Roman culture that distinguished citizens from foreigners.
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The nomen Alienus may be derived from the Latin adjective, alienus, "a stranger". It was also used as a personal cognomen in the Etruscan gens Caecina. The Alieni were of great antiquity at Rome, but do not appear ever to have been a particularly large or important family.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Legio secunda Parthica ("Parthian-conquering Second Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in AD 197 by the emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211), for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. The legion was still active in the beginning of the 5th century. The legion's symbol was a centaur.
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Legio tertia Parthica ("Parthian-conquering Third Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in AD 197 by the emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211) for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence the cognomen Parthica. The legion was still active in the Eastern provinces in the early 5th century. The legion's symbol was probably a bull.
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Phocion's recognized probity bestowed on him the cognomen "The Good". Phocion could have been extremely wealthy, either by his offices or by the high commissions which were managed by him. Instead, he was incorruptible and led an extremely frugal lifestyle. This was despite the fact that the entire Athenian political class was quite corrupt in that epoch.
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98–117) for service in the Dacian Wars. The legion was active until disbandment of the Rhine frontier in the beginning of the 5th century. Their emblems were the gods Neptune and Jupiter and the Capricorn. Ulpia is Trajan's own gens (Ulpia), while the cognomen "Victrix" means "victorious", and was awarded after their valiant behaviour in the Dacian wars.
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Chase, pp. 210, 211. The surname Salinator, meaning a salt-merchant, is said to have been given in derision to Marcus Livius, who as censor in 204 BC, imposed an unpopular salt tax. A question arises from the fact that Marcus' father is also referred to as Salinator, although the historians may simply have applied the cognomen retroactively.
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The earliest record of a Macedoniarch to come from Thessalonike is from 219 AD. The title was only held by 11 people, six of which are believed to be of Roman descent, based upon them having a cognomen. An account, however, cited that epigraphic evidences recorded two Macedoniarchs during the first century AD and 23 the following century.
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Lucullus, the cognomen of a branch of the Licinii, which first occurs in history towards the end of the Second Punic War, is probably derived from lucus, a grove, or perhaps a diminutive of the praenomen Lucius. The surname does not appear on any coins of the gens.Chase, p. 113.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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None of the Calavii during the Republic bore any surname. In imperial times we find the cognomen Sabinus, referring to one of the Sabines, or their culture. The Samnites, in whose history the Calavii occur, claimed to be descendants of the Sabines, and the use of Sabinus by the later Calavii probably alluded to this tradition.Chase, pp.
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The nomen Secundinius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed from other names using the suffix ', indicating that it was derived either from the cognomen Secundinus, or from the nomen Secundius.Chase, pp. 125, 126. Both of these in turn derive from Secundus, a name originally given to a second son or second child; Secundinus is a diminutive form.
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The nomen of the Caesii may be derived from the Latin adjective caesius, meaning a light blue or blue-grey color, typically used to refer to the color of a person's eyes. The same root may have given rise to the praenomen Caeso, and perhaps also to the cognomen Caesar.D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary (1963).
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The Caelian Hill, which gave its name to Caeliomontanus. Caeliomontanus belonged to the patrician gens Verginia, which was of Etruscan origin, arriving to Rome with the Tarquins. They originally only bore the cognomen Tricostus. The first member of the family to reach the consulship was Opiter Verginius Tricostus in 502, in the early years of the Roman Republic.
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The special status of the wolf was not based on national ideology, but rather was connected to the religious importance of the wolf to the Romans. The comedian Plautus used the image of wolves to ponder the cruelty of man as a wolf unto man. "Lupus" (Wolf) was used as a Latin first name and as a Roman cognomen.
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Caesar (English Caesars; Latin Caesares; in Greek: Kaîsar) is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator. The change from being a familial name to a title adopted by the Roman Emperors can be dated to about 68/69 AD, the so-called "Year of the Four Emperors".
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The only cognomen of this gens under the Republic was Rufus, originally typically given to a person with red hair.Chase, p. 110.Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. rufus. A variety of surnames are found in imperial times, including Cursor, a runner, Pollio, originally a polisher of armor, and Sabinus, designating someone of Sabine descent or habits.
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The cognomen ex virtute was a surname derived from some virtuous or heroic episode attributed to the bearer. Roman history is filled with individuals who obtained cognomina as a result of their exploits: Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis, who commanded the Roman army at the Battle of Lake Regillus; Gaius Marcius Coriolanus, who captured the city of Corioli; Marcus Valerius Corvus, who defeated a giant Gaul in single combat, aided by a raven; Titus Manlius Torquatus, who likewise defeated a Gaulish giant, and took his name from the torque that he claimed as a prize; Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, who carried the Second Punic War to Africa, and defeated Hannibal. Interestingly, the most famous examples of this class of cognomen come from the period of the Republic, centuries before the concept of the agnomen was formulated.
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The only distinct family of the Fannia gens during the Republic bore the cognomen Strabo, originally given to someone given to squinting.Chase, p. 109. This was one of a large class of surnames derived from the physical characteristics of the bearer. Other surnames occur under the Empire, including Quadratus, "square", and Caepio, an onion,New College Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. quadratus.
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The Egnatii do not seem to have been divided into distinct families during the time of the Republic. Most of the Egnatii bore no cognomen, but individuals are known with the surnames Celer, Maximus, Rufus, and Veratius. Celer means "swift," while Maximus is "great" or "greatest." Rufus, meaning "red," was typically given to someone with red hair or a ruddy complexion.
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Publius Cornelius Cethegus, Roman statesman, was a member of the gens Cornelia of the branch with the cognomen Cethegus. Cethegus was elected curule aedile in 187 BC, praetor in 185 BC and consul in 181 BC.T. Robert S. Broughton: The Magistrates Of The Roman Republic. Vol. 1: 509 B.C. - 100 B.C.. Cleveland / Ohio: Case Western Reserve University Press, 1951. Reprint 1968.
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340 His praenomen and nomen Marcus Antonius suggested that his paternal ancestors received Roman citizenship under the Triumvir Mark Antony, or one of his daughters, during the late Roman Republic.Birley, pg. 340 Gordian’s cognomen ‘Gordianus’ also indicates that his family origins were from Anatolia, more specifically Galatia or Cappadocia.Peuch, Bernadette, "Orateurs et sophistes grecs dans les inscriptions d'époque impériale", (2002), pg.
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The nomen Secundius is derived from the cognomen Secundus, originally indicating a second child. The name was probably an old praenomen, but if so the masculine form had fallen out of use by historical times, and is not found as a praenomen under the Republic. The feminine form, Secunda, was used by Roman women as both a praenomen and a cognomen.Chase, pp.
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5–6; Cicero, Ad Familiares 16.26.2 (Quintus to Cicero) Cicero's cognomen, or personal surname, comes from the Latin for chickpea, cicer. Plutarch explains that the name was originally given to one of Cicero's ancestors who had a cleft in the tip of his nose resembling a chickpea. However, it is more likely that Cicero's ancestors prospered through the cultivation and sale of chickpeas.
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None of the Raecii who appear in history during the Republic bore any cognomen, but the Raecii of imperial times used a variety of common surnames. Taurus, a bull, Gallus, a cockerel, and Leo, a lion, belong to a common type of cognomina derived from the names of familiar objects and animals.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. taurus, gallus, leo.
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4, notes 26–28. The plebeian gens of the Marcii claimed that they were descended from Marsyas. Gaius Marcius Rutilus, who rose to power from the plebs, is credited with having dedicated the statue that stood in the Roman forum, most likely in 294 BC, when he became the first plebeian censor and added the cognomen Censorinus to the family name.
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The chief surnames of the Oppii were Capito, Cornicen or Cornicinus, and Salinator, of which Capito and Salinator occur on coins. Capito was a common cognomen derived from caput, the head, and was typically applied to someone with a large or prominent head.Chase, p. 109. Cornicen, of which Cornicinus is a diminutive, is an occupational surname, referring to a horn-blower.
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622 Based on Aviola's name, Ronald Syme argues that he was "presumably an Acilius Aviola adopted by a C. Calpurnius Piso"; Olli Salomies disagrees, believing the adoptive parent was a "C. Calpurnius without a cognomen (e.g. a son of C. Calpurnius, curule and plebeian aedile in 23 BC)". Salomies, Adoptive and polyonymous nomenclature in the Roman Empire, (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1992), p.
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For example, the Cloelii claimed to be from Alba Longa and used the cognomen Siculus. Prisons called lautumia were cut into the sides of the early Capitoline Hill. Syracuse used quarries, called latomiai, for a similar purpose. Most of the similarities can be attributed to an influence on early Rome from Greek Sicily; however, the case of a Sicul substrate also is possible.
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Marcus Lollius, perhaps with the cognomen Paulinus,Marcus Lollius no. 5 article at ancient library was a Roman Senator who was active in the second half of 1st century BC and first half of 1st century. Due to a passage in Tacitus,Annales, XII.1 a number of scholars have argued that Lollius was a suffect consul, possibly even in AD 13.
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The series follows the life of two married friends, Makis and Andreas. Andreas loves the rich life and the women but he is all the time broke and he borrows money from his friend and other people. In exchange, he covers his friend Makis who has an extramarital relationship. Because Andreas never pays his debts, he has got the cognomen Akalyptos.
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The names of 3 praefecti (regimental commanders) are attested.Spaul (2000) 308 Titus Iunius Severus was a Spaniard from Denia. A second man, whose middle name only, Pactumerius, has survived, left a votive stone at Madaura in Numidia (Mdaurusch, Algeria). The origin of the third, Lucius Aprius Liburnus, is revealed by his cognomen (third name): of the Liburni tribe, western neighbors of the Dalmatae.
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297–298, 36. Augustus lists the establishment of the festival in his posthumously published first-person account of his achievements (Res Gestae),Res Gestae 11. emphasizing that it takes its name from his cognomen. Roman festivals were often named for the deities they honored (Neptunalia for Neptune, Cerealia for Ceres), and the unstated implication was that Augustus was to be accorded divine status.
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The three great patrician families of the Quinctia gens bore the cognomina Capitolinus, Cincinnatus, and Flamininus. Besides these we find Quinctii with the surnames Atta, Claudus, Crispinus, Hirpinus, Scapula, and Trogus. A few members of the gens bore no cognomen. The only surname that occurs on coins is that of Crispinus Sulpicianus, which is found on coins struck in the time of Augustus.
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Higham, p. 149, takes the Lindisfarne community's opposition to Eadberht in 750 as a sign that the abdication may not have been voluntary. Silver sceatta of Eadberht Eadberht son of Eata was a descendant of Ida of Bernicia through either his son Ocga (Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and Anglian collection) or Eadric (Historia Brittonum). The genealogy gives Eadberht's father Eata the cognomen Glin Mawr.
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6 There is a persistent belief in some quarters that Africanus was actually an African. However, being the son of a Gallic chief he was a member of a Celtic tribe. This confusion probably arises from an incorrect belief that the Roman cognomen Africanus means from Africa (i.e. born in Africa) rather than the correct meaning of famous relation to Africa.
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The Rubrii of the Republic bore the cognomina Dossenus, Ruga, and Varro, of which Dossenus is known only from coins. Other surnames are found in imperial times. A number of Rubrii had no cognomen. Of these, Gallus, a cockerel, and Nepos, grandson, seem to have represented distinct families, each of whom rose to the consulship during the latter part of the first century.
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Fabia had three siblings: a sister Ceionia Plautia and two brothers: the Roman Emperor Lucius Verus who co-ruled with Marcus Aurelius from 161-169 and Gaius Avidius Ceionius Commodus. Her cognomen Fabia reveals that her father was related to the gens Fabia. However, whom she was named after from the gens Fabia is unknown. Fabia was born and raised in Rome.
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From his father, Claudius inherited the surnames Sabinus and Regillensis (sometimes given as Inregillensis). Crassus, which must have been a personal cognomen, means "thick" or "stout", and could apply equally to a large man or a dullard;Traupman, p. 122 ("crassus"). although if the latter were intended, it was probably given ironically, for Claudius was by all accounts a very clever schemer.
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During the Roman Republic, the same laws stood in place with only one difference; the requirement of the Senate's approval. The actual adoption was often operated like a business contract between the two families. The adopted child took the family name as his own. Along with this, the child kept his/her original name through the form of cognomen or essentially a nickname.
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The Labieni were long supposed to have been part of the Atia gens, of which Labienus was supposed to be a cognomen. This first seems to have been proposed by the Ciceronian scholar Paulus Manutius, but his conjecture is not clearly supported by any ancient author, nor is there any other evidence that the Labieni were part of another gens.Spanheim, vol. II, pp.
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The nomen Quartius is a patronymic surname, derived from the cognomen Quartus, fourth. There may at one time have been a praenomen Quartus, but it was not in general use in historical times, except in the feminine form, Quarta, which was regularly used as both a praenomen and cognomen.Petersen, "The Numeral Praenomina of the Romans", p. 353 and note 24.
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The only prominent family of the Cincii bore the cognomen Alimentus, presumably derived from alimentum, "food", suggesting that the ancestors of the family may have been cooks. Other cognomina of the Cincii included Faliscus, a Faliscan, Salvius, an Oscan praenomen, and Severus, a common surname meaning "grave, serious," or "severe". Several Cincii are mentioned without a surname.D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary (1963).
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Tertulla's mother could have been named Julia and she had a brother called Marcus Arrecinus Clemens, who also served as a Praetorian Prefect in 70 under the Emperor Vespasian. Her name "Tertulla", is a nickname for the female cognomen Tertia. Tertia in Latin means "the third daughter". There is a possibility that Tertulla would be related to the paternal side of Vespasian's family.
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Vespasian's paternal grandmother bore the cognomen Tertulla. Very little is known of Tertulla's family and her life. In 62, Tertulla married the future Emperor Titus, who was Vespasian's first son. This marriage could have been arranged by the fathers of Tertulla and Titus, to promote Titus’ political and military career - and to provide financial relief from the debt incurred by Vespasian's proconsulship.
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The only distinct family of the Suetonii bore the cognomen Paulinus or Paullinus, derived from the common surname Paullus, meaning "small", which could be bestowed on account of a person's stature, or upon the youngest child in a family.New College Latin and English Dictionary, s.v. paullus. It is not known whether or how the historian Suetonius was related to this family.
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Gunnlaugur is sometimes Anglicized as Gunnlaug. The cognomen can also be translated as Worm-Tongue or Snake-Tongue. The saga has similarities to earlier sagas of poets, such as Kormáks saga and Bjarnar saga, but it is more refined and elegant with strong characterization and emotional impact. Long considered a masterpiece, the saga is often read by beginning students of Old Norse literature.
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Lucius Siccius or Sicinius Dentatus (died circa 450 BC) was a Roman soldier, primus pilus and tribune, famed for his martial bravery. He was a champion of the plebeians in their struggle with the patricians. His cognomen Dentatus means "born with teeth". Dionysius of Halicarnassus gives him the crucial role in a battle between the consul Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus and the Aequi.
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He may have been born in or near Carthage or in Greek Italy to a woman taken to Carthage as a slave. Terence's cognomen Afer suggests he lived in the territory of the Libyan tribe called by the Romans Afri near Carthage prior to being brought to Rome as a slave.Tenney Frank, "On Suetonius' Life of Terence." The American Journal of Philology, Vol.
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The nomen Nasidius belong to a class of gentilicia formed with the suffix -idius, which originally developed from surnames ending in -idus, but later came to be viewed as a regular means of forming nomina. It implies the existence of a cognomen Nasidus, but may perhaps be from the more regular Naso, originally signifying someone with a prominent nose.Chase, pp. 109, 121, 122.
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The Fulvii of the Republic bore a variety of cognomina, including Bambalio, Centumalus, Curvus, Flaccus, Gillo, Nobilior, Paetinus, and Veratius or Neratius. Curvus, which means "bent" or "crooked," is the first cognomen of the Fulvii to occur in history, and belongs to a large class of surnames derived from a person's physical characteristics.Chase, p. 110.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. curvus.
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The patrician Claudii bore various surnames, including Caecus, Caudex, Centho, Crassus, Nero, Pulcher, Regillensis, and Sabinus. The latter two, though applicable to all of the gens, were seldom used when there was a more definite cognomen. A few of the patrician Claudii are mentioned without any surname. The surnames of the plebeian Claudii were Asellus, Canina, Centumalus, Cicero, Flamen, Glaber, and Marcellus.
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The name was used by the early Valerii, first as praenomen, then as cognomen; Volusus was occasionally revived by that great patrician house, which used it as late as the first century AD. The form Volero was used by the plebeian gens Publilia.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & Mythology, vol. III, pp. 297, 298 ("Publilius or Poblilius Philo"), 603 ("Publilius", No. 1).
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Triarius belonged to the famous gens Valeria, but unlike the more famous members of the gens, the Triarii were plebeian. The cognomen Triarius may be an allusion to their military service, since the third, the most veteran, line of the Republican legions were named the Triarii. Triarius's father was likewise named Gaius.Hans Volkmann, RE, Band VIII A,1, p. 232.
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Both Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus relate the tradition that the Silvii were descended from Silvius, the second king of Alba Longa, who was so called because he was born in the woods. His descendants took the "cognomen" Silvius, which was then passed down to his descendants until the time of Numitor, the grandfather of Romulus and Remus.Livy, i. 3.Dionysius, i.
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During the Republican era, all men with the family name Baebius who are known to have held the highest magistracies belong to the branch distinguished by the cognomen Tamphilus.Elizabeth Rawson, "Sallust on the Eighties?" Classical Quarterly 37 (1987), p. 166. Marcus's brother Gnaeus was consul in 182 BC, in an unusual instance of two brothers holding the office in succession.
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The only distinct family of the Salvidieni under the Republic bore the surname Rufus, originally given to someone with red hair, perhaps with the additional surname Salvius, originally an Oscan praenomen, but later a gentile name, and evidently also a cognomen. In its extended form, Salvianus, it appears in the nomenclature of Lucius Salvidienus Rufus, consul in AD 52.Chase, pp. 109, 141.
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The 9th century Vita tripartita Sancti Patricii, p. 93, states- Patrick founded a church in that stead, namely, Domnach Maighe Sleacht, and left therein Mabran [whose cognomen is] Barbarus Patricii, a relative of his and a prophet. And there is Patrick's well, wherein he baptized many. Then Patrick went into the province of Connaught by Snam da En over the Shannon.
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Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum i. Despite ending in -a, it is a masculine name. The feminine form was probably Agrippina, which is also found as a cognomen, or surname, but no examples of its use as a praenomen have survived. The praenomen Agrippa was regularly used by two patrician gentes, gens Furia and gens Menenia, who held several consulships during the early Republic.
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Faustus ( or occasionally ) is a Latin praenomen, or personal name. It was never particularly common at Rome, but may have been used more frequently in the countryside. The feminine form is Fausta. The name was not usually abbreviated, but is occasionally found abbreviated F. During the period of the Roman Empire, it was widely used as a cognomen, or surname.
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Albert III () (9 November 141411 March 1486) was Elector of Brandenburg from 1471 until his death, the third from the House of Hohenzollern. A member of the Order of the Swan, he received the cognomen Achilles because of his knightly qualities and virtues. He also ruled in the Franconian principalities of Ansbach from 1440 and Kulmbach from 1464 (as Albrecht I).
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Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica xl.1 As a result of this defeat he was mockingly given the cognomen Creticus, which means "conqueror of Crete", and also "man made of chalk", when translated from Latin. He died soon afterwards (72 BC -71 BC) in Crete. Most authorities are agreed as to his avarice and incompetence, but the biographer Plutarch describes him as a friendly, honest and generous man.
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Opiter ( or ) is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was used primarily during the early centuries of the Roman Republic. It is not usually abbreviated, but is sometimes found with the abbreviation Opet., apparently based on an archaic spelling of the name. No examples of a feminine form used as a praenomen are known, but from a cognomen it appears to be Opita.
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Meckler, Gordian II Due to Gordian I's advanced age, the younger Gordian was attached to the imperial throne and acclaimed Augustus too.Adkins and Adkins, p. 27 Like his father, he too was awarded the cognomen Africanus.Meckler, Gordian II Father and son saw their claim to the throne ratified both by the SenateHerodian, 7:7:2 and most of the other provinces, due to Maximinus' unpopularity.
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W.D. Lebek, "Moneymaking on the Roman Stage," in Roman Theater and Society (University of Michigan Press, 1996) pp. 8–9, 44. Galeria Copiola is one of only four performers of embolia whose names are preserved, the others being Sophê Theorobathylliana,CIL 6.10128 = ILS 5263, as cited by Starks, "Pantomime Actresses," p. 123ff., who notes that her cognomen probably has to do with the famed mimus Bathyllus.
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He was a contemporary of Judah ben Bathyra, Matteya ben Heresh, and Jonathan.Sifre, Deuteronomy 80 Who his father was is not stated; nor is anything known of his early years. He was named after his grandfather, Hananiah. He acquired his Torah knowledge from his uncle R. Joshua ben Hananiah (from whom he received his cognomen), and witnessed his uncle's activities on the Sanhedrin of Yavne.
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Another (CIL V 5667) identifies his father Lucius' village as Fecchio (tribe Oufentina) near Como. Therefore, Plinia likely was a local girl and Pliny the Elder, her brother, was from Como. Gaius was a member of the Plinia gens: the insubric root Plina still persists, with rhotacism, in the local surname "Prina". He did not take his father's cognomen, Celer, but assumed his own, Secundus.
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However, the nomen Remmius could still be derived from Remus, perhaps a cognomen of uncertain derivation. Chase classifies it among the gentilicia that either originated at Rome, or cannot be shown to have come from anywhere else.Chase, pp. 131. Schulze, on the other hand, regards it as an Etruscan name, rem-ne, perhaps sharing a root with place names such as Remona and Remoria.
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After Charles XII's accession to the Swedish throne he served the new king in battle. Roos distinguished himself at the battle of Narva in 1700 and was promoted to colonel, as well as head of the Närke-Värmland Regiment in 1701. Roos was elevated to friherre in 1705. He had until then had the cognomen Roos af Hjelmsäter, but after his elevation became known simply as "Roos".
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His son's nomen would have been Valerius, and his daughter's Valeria. Male members of his gens were collectively called Valerii, and female members Valeriae. If a member of the gens were adopted into another family, he would assume the nomen of that gens, followed by the cognomen Valerianus. In the following list, "I" and "J" are treated as separate letters, as are "U" and "V".
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The only cognomen of the gens in the times of the Republic is Fistus. The consul of 453 bore the additional surname Trigeminus, alluding to the legend of the three Curiatii; the name can best be translated as "triplet." This name appears to have been passed down through the family, although whether its use was confined to the patrician family or shared by both branches is unclear.
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Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Scaeva.Pliny the Elder, xviii. 37. The origin of the cognomen Pera, which appears in the middle of the third century BC, is not known, but the filiations of the two Perae suggest that they may have been descended from the Junii Bruti. Pennus, also a surname of the Quinctia gens, is probably derived from a Latin adjective meaning "sharp".
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Beddomixalus is a monotypic genus of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. The only described species, Beddomixalus bijui, is endemic to the Western Ghats, India. Its name is derived from a combination of the cognomen of Richard Henry Beddome, in honour of his work on the amphibian diversity of the Western Ghats, as well as Ixalus, which is often used as a suffix for names of rhacophorid genera.
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The only patrician family of the Lucretii bore the cognomen Tricipitinus. The plebeian families are known by the surnames Gallus, Ofella, and Vespillo. Gallus was a common name referring either to a Gaul, or a cockerel. Vespillo, an occupational surname referring to one who removes corpses, was bestowed on one of this family who had thrown the body of Tiberius Gracchus into the river.
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601 Originally of Etruscan descent and hailing from Perusia (modern Perugia),see Syme, pg. 90 – his second cognomen Caetronianus is Etruscan in origin and possibly from a family which had been proscribed under Lucius Cornelius Sulla,Syme, pg. 71, referencing Dio, 45:17:1 Pansa was elected Plebeian Tribune in 51 BC where he vetoed a number of anti-Caesarean resolutions of the Senate.Broughton, pg.
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Moduin, Modoin, or Mautwin (, , c.770-840/3) was a Frankish churchman and Latin poet of the Carolingian Renaissance. He was a close friend of Theodulf of Orléans, a contemporary and courtier of the emperors Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, and a member of the Palatine Academy. In signing his own poems he used the nom de plume Naso in reference to the cognomen of Ovid.
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Pasidienus would therefore have been derived from an older nomen, Pasidius, which is indeed found in a number of instances. The suffix -idius was originally used to form gentilicia from cognomina ending in -idus; but as with other gentile-forming suffixes, -idius was stereotyped, and occasionally appears in cases where there is no morphological justification. There is no evidence of a corresponding cognomen, Pasidus.Chase, pp.
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The Romilii claimed descent from Romulus, the legendary founder and first King of Rome. Scholars have long disputed the historicity of Romulus, but from the morphology of the nomen Romilius, it seems probable that Romulus was an authentic cognomen; Romilius belongs to a large class of gentilicia formed using the suffix -, which were typically derived from surnames ending in the diminutive suffix -ulus.Chase, pp. 122, 123.
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Julius Briganticus (died AD 69) was a Batavian who commanded auxiliary cavalry in the Roman Army. He was the son of the sister of Gaius Julius Civilis, the leader of the Batavian rebellion, who apparently hated his nephew. The nomen Julius indicates he was a Roman citizen. The cognomen Briganticus perhaps suggests he, or his father, gained distinction fighting against the Brigantes of northern Britain.
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There were two main families of the Asinii at Rome. The earlier of these bore the cognomen Pollio, a surname originally designating a polisher of armour. The sons of Gaius Asinius Pollio, consul in 40 BC, each bore different surnames, including Pollio, Agrippa, Saloninus, Celer, and Gallus, some of which were passed on to their descendants. The Asinii Marcelli were descended from Marcus Asinius Agrippa.
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The nomen Cicereius is probably derived from the same root as the cognomen Cicero, a surname of the gentes Claudia and Tullia. They appear to be connected with cicer, a chickpea, and may indicate that the ancestors of these families were engaged in the cultivation of that plant. Similar names include Bulbus, Fabius, Lentulus, Piso, and Tubero.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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He is generally cited as "Johanan," but sometimes by his cognomen only,Yerushalmi Rosh Hashanah 2 58b; Sanhedrin 96a which he himself uses once;Makkot 5b but he is never cited by both together. Opinions vary on whether "bar Nappaha" (literally "son [of the] blacksmith") derives from his father's profession, from the name of his ancestral region, or perhaps represents a physical or psychological quality.
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William Conant Church (1873) The Galaxy Vol. 16, Sheldon & Company, New York The name Roscius was his former master's, a legacy of his servitude.Karl Mantzius (1903) A History of Theatrical Art in Ancient and Modern Times, Duckworth & Co., London, p. 229-230. Provided this cognomen is correct, Gallus might have been his slave name but might also have signified that his father was a Gallic slave.
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No distinct families of the Bruttii appear under the Republic, during which the only cognomen is Sura. A number of surnames occur in imperial times, of which all but Balbus appear to belong to the same family. The others were Maximus, Praesens, and Crispinus. This family came from Volceii, in Lucania, and seems to have made a habit of adopting names from the female line.
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The Cornelian gens included both patricians and plebeians, but all of its major families were patrician. The surnames Arvina, Blasio, Cethegus, Cinna, Cossus, Dolabella, Lentulus, Maluginensis, Mammula, Merenda, Merula, Rufinus, Scapula, Scipio, Sisenna, and Sulla belonged to patrician Cornelii, while the plebeian cognomina included Balbus and Gallus. Other surnames are known from freedmen, including Chrysogonus, Culleolus, Phagita, and others. A number of plebeian Cornelii had no cognomen.
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His co-consular Sergius gained his cognomen Fidenas for his victories against the Fidenae. Possibly because of the heavy losses against the Veientes or for reasons otherwise unknown, Geganius abdicated his consulship and was replaced by Marcus Valerius Lactuca Maximus. The year would see further changes within the Roman leadership as a dictator, Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus, was appointed. Aemilius successfully fought the Veii, Falerii and Fidenae.
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The Suettii employed a variety of common praenomina, chiefly Aulus, Gaius, Lucius, Servius, and Sextus. Of these, only Servius was relatively distinctive, although by no means rare. Other praenomina are found on occasion, and in one inscription we find an Anthus Suettius, perhaps an example of a cognomen being used in place of a praenomen, or perhaps an old praenomen more typically found as a surname.
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Hamilcar is the latinization of Hamílkas (), the hellenized form of the common Semitic Phoenician-Carthaginian masculine given name (). or (), meaning "Melqart's slave". The cognomen or epithet () means "thunderbolt" or "shining". It is cognate with the Arabic name Barq, Maltese word Berqa and the Hebrew name Barak and equivalent to the Greek Keraunos, which was borne by many commanders contemporary with Hamilcar and his son Hannibal.
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In artem parvam Galeni explanationes: Ian Maclean, Logic, Signs and Nature in the Renaissance: The Case of Learned Medicine (Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 359. The surname Lublinus indicates that he was from Lublin, a center of literary and intellectual activity during the Polish Renaissance. Lublinus's Latinized name also sometimes appears with the cognomen Polonus, an additional toponym to indicate that he was from Poland.
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The nomen Balonius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed using the suffix ', originally applied to cognomina ending in ', but later used as a regular gentile-forming suffix, without regard to the orthography of the root. These nomina tended to be of plebeian origin, and were frequently Oscan. Chase suggests that Balonius might be derived from the cognomen Bala, perhaps from Latin balare, "to bleat".Chase, pp.
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"Timesitheus" is a cognomen which suggests that the bearer was ethnically a Greek. However, Timesitheus's praenomen and nomen (i.e. "Gaius" and "Furius Sabinius" respectively) indicate long-established Roman citizenship and a family that was well-integrated into the élite classes of the Empire although it is otherwise unknown. Such enthusiasm to be associated with the Imperial power was not unknown in the case of ambitious Greek families.
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It preserved its celebrity under the empire, and during the first century was second to the imperial family alone. Many of the Pisones bore this cognomen alone, but others bore the agnomina Caesoninus and Frugi. Of the other surnames of the Republican Calpurnii, Bestia refers to a "beast", "an animal without reason". Bibulus translates as "fond of drinking", or "thirsty", while Flamma refers to a flame.
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Italy has the largest collection of surnames (cognomi) of any country in the world, with over 350,000.Il Corriere della Sera (Sept 15, 2006), L'Italia è il regno dei cognomi and La provenienza geografica dei cognomi Men—except slaves—in ancient Rome always had hereditary surnames, i.e., nomen (clan name) and cognomen (side-clan name). However, the multi-name tradition was lost by the Middle Ages.
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The nomen Saltorius is derived from the cognomen Saltor, a dancer, one of a large class of surnames derived from an individual's occupation.Chase, p. 111. Although the inscriptions of this gens place a family of this name in Sabinum, the root is certainly Latin. Chase includes Saltorius among those gentilicia that either originated at Rome, or cannot be shown to have come from anywhere else.
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Metellus then defeated the Cretans and made the island a Roman province. Because of Metellus's refusal to leave Crete when Pompey ordered it, Pompey and his allies prevented his triumph until 62 BC.Hornblower, Simon and Antony Spawforth. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd Edition New York: Oxford University Press. 1966. 269. Upon celebrating his triumph, Metellus received the cognomen 'Creticus', the Latin word for 'Cretan'.
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12, 13 ("Acidinus"). From coins of the Manlii featuring the inscriptions SER and SERGIA, Münzer concluded that one stirps of this gens bore the cognomen Sergianus, indicating descent from the Sergia gens. However, this probably referred to the tribus Sergia; a plebeian branch of the Manlii used the name of their tribe to distinguish themselves from the patrician Manlii, a practice also found among the Memmii.Eckhel, vol.
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As the cognomen of Curvus was superseded by that of Paetinus, so the latter was in turn superseded by Nobilior, meaning "very noble". This name seems to have been first assumed by the consul of 255 BC, perhaps with the implication that he was more noble than the other Fulvii; his descendants dropped the name of Paetinus.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p.
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The Salieni used a variety of cognomina, most of which appear to have been personal surnames. The majority belong to common types of cognomen, derived from an individual's personal characteristics. Clemens refers to someone with a mild temperament, while Fortunatus is "fortunate", Pudens "modest", Pulcher "beautiful", Sedatus "calm". Fuscianus is a derivative of Fuscus, "dark", while Rufus would originally have been given to someone with red hair.
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The main surnames of the Nonii were Asprenas, Balbus, Gallus, Quinctilianus, and Sufenas, of which only the last two appear on coins. A few of the Nonii occur without surnames. Asprenas, the name of the most prominent family of the Nonii, and Sufenas belong to a class of cognomen apparently derived from the names of towns that can no longer be identified.Chase, p. 113.
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55 ("Aesernia"). Beginning in the mid-second century there is a family with the surname Macrinus, a diminutive of the cognomen Macro, a Greek name meaning "great" or "large". This family distinguished itself through military and civil service, and evidently obtained patrician rank, as Marcus Nonius Arrius Paulinus Aper was advanced to the office of praetor without having first served as tribune of the plebs.PIR, vol.
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Gaius Vipstanus Apronianus (died 91) was a Roman Senator who was consul ordinarius in AD 59 with Gaius Fonteius Capito as his colleague.Paul A. Gallivan, "Some Comments on the Fasti for the Reign of Nero", Classical Quarterly, 24 (1974), p. 291, 310 Apronianus was afterwards proconsular governor of Africa;Tacitus, Histories, I.76 he was also a member of the Arval Brethren. The cognomen Apronianus poses uncertainty.
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Brian was born at Kincora, his father's residence or fort in Killaloe, a town in the region of Tuadmumu. Brian's posthumous cognomen "Bóruma" (anglicised as Boru) may have referred to "Béal Bóruma", a fort north of Killaloe, where the Dál gCais held sway.Ní Mhaonaigh, p. 15, notes that Brian is associated with Béal Bóruma in a poem attributed to Cúán úa Lothcháin (d. 1024).
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Caesar is considered by many historians to be one of the greatest military commanders in history. His cognomen was subsequently adopted as a synonym for "Emperor"; the title "Caesar" was used throughout the Roman Empire, giving rise to modern cognates such as Kaiser and Tsar. He has frequently appeared in literary and artistic works, and his political philosophy, known as Caesarism, inspired politicians into the modern era.
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The only distinct family of the Plaetorii under the Republic bore the cognomen Cestianus, probably indicating that they were originally adopted from the Cestii, a family of Praeneste. Their coins allude both to their name, depicting an athlete holding a cestus, and to a Praenestine origin, depicting Sors, the god of luck, associated with the renowned Praenestine oracle.McCartney, "Casting Puns on Ancient Monuments", p. 62.Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 418.
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The earliest of the Servaei to rise to prominence bore no surname. The first cognomen to appear among the family is Longinus, a diminutive of Longus, a surname originally designating someone who was tall; Servaeus Longinus may have acquired the surname as the son or grandson of a Servaeus Longus, or because he was moderately tall.Chase, p. 110. The name does not seem to have been passed down to subsequent generations.
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The name was probably more widespread amongst the plebeians and in the countryside. Many other families which used Paullus as a cognomen may originally have used it as a praenomen. The feminine form, Paulla or Polla, was one of the most common praenomina in both patrician and plebeian gentes, including the Aemilii, Caecilii, Cornelii, Flaminii, Fulvii, Licinii, Minucii, Sergii, Servilii, Sulpicii, and Valerii. The name has survived into modern times.
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Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (died 495 BC) was the legendary seventh and final king of Rome, reigning from 535 BC until the popular uprising in 509 BC that led to the establishment of the Roman Republic. He is commonly known as Tarquin the Proud, from his cognomen Superbus (Latin for "proud, arrogant, lofty").Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s.v. superbus. Ancient accounts of the regal period mingle history and legend.
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The nomen Ranius resembles other gentilicia formed using the suffix -anius, typically derived from place names and cognomina ending in -anus.Chase, p. 118. No corresponding location or surname is known, but the root of the nomen resembles rana, a frog, and as a cognomen could have belonged to a common class of surnames derived from the names of familiar animals and objects.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. rana.
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343 this is unlikely since all known Petronii in the first half of the first century belong to the branch of the Petronii lacking a cognomen. Petronius was grandson of Publius Petronius Turpilianus, one of the tresviri monetalis, and probably grandson of Publius Petronius, prefect of Egypt. Publius Petronius, suffect consul in 19, was probably his older brother.Rudolf Hanslik, "Petronius 22", Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1937) Vol.
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Volcatius Sedigitus () was the titulus of a Roman literary critic who flourished around 100 , noted for his ranking of those he considered the best Latin comics. Nothing is known about Sedigitus beyond that Pliny,.214. who calls him an illustris poeta, states that he got his cognomen because he was born with six fingers on each hand. This rare state, known as polydactyly, is caused by a dominant gene.
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Galba is an ancient Roman cognomen borne by a branch of the patrician gens Sulpicia. The name is sometimes thought to be Celtic in origin, from a root related to Old Irish golb, "paunchy, fat."See Xavier Delamarre, entry on galba, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise (Éditions Errance, 2003), p. 174, and D. Ellis Evans, Gaulish personal names: a study of some Continental Celtic formations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), pp.
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Following the defeat of Carthage in the Third Punic War, Rome set up the province of Africa Proconsularis. Afer came to be a cognomen for people from this province. The Germanic tribe of the Vandals conquered the Roman Diocese of Africa in the 5th century; the empire reconquered it as the Praetorian prefecture of Africa in AD 534. The Latin name Africa came into Arabic after the Islamic conquest as Ifriqiya.
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The Carvilii of the Republic were not divided into separate families, and the only cognomen that was handed down among them was Maximus, "very great" or "greatest", which was probably applied first to Spurius Carvilius, the consul of 293 and 272 BC, in recognition of his military victories and splendid character. Two of this family bore the additional surname Ruga, a furrow or wrinkle.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. ruga.
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The temple housed paintings by Gaius Fabius, a relative of Fabius Maximus Rullianus; the cognomen Pictor, or "painter" (see Fabius Pictor) is likely to have been acquired by a branch of the Fabii at this time.Clark, Divine Qualities, pp. 50–52. Denarii minted by Decimus Junius Silanus in 91 BC picture Salus and may be intended to recall the founding of her temple by his ancestor.Clark, Divine Qualities, p. 141.
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Onela was according to Beowulf a Swedish king, the son of Ongentheow and the brother of Ohthere. He usurped the Swedish throne, but was killed by his nephew Eadgils, who won by hiring foreign assistance. In Scandinavian mythology a Norwegian king by the same name exists, Áli (the Old Norse form of Onela, also rendered as Ole, Åle or Ale), who had the cognomen hinn Upplenzki ("from Oppland").
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If the name is derived from the Oscan praenomen Paccius, then the Paccii would be an Oscan family, perhaps of Samnite origin. This seems quite probable, given the fact that most of the inscriptions bearing this name are concentrated in and around Samnium. However, in at least some cases it is likely that Pacidius is instead an orthographic variation of Placidius, derived from the Latin cognomen Placidus, "peaceful".
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Murena is a name (cognomen) used by a Roman plebeian family from Lanuvium belonging to the gens Licinia. It is supposed to be derived from the fondness of a family member for lampreys (murenae). The most prominent members of the family were Lucius Licinius Murena father and son. The father was a lieutenant of Sulla in the first Mithridatic War and played an important role in the Battle of Chaeronea.
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Its root is uncertain, as its root would be expected to be a cognomen, Pactumus, or perhaps another gentile name, Pactumius, both of which are unknown. The closest known name seems to be the Oscan praenomen Paccius, occasionally written Pactius, which was itself used as a nomen gentilicium, as well as forming nomina with other suffixes, such as Pacilius, Paconius, and probably Pacidius.Chase, pp. 119, 123, 128, 139.
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Ceionia Plautia (flourished 2nd century) was a Roman noblewoman and is among the lesser known members of the ruling Nerva–Antonine dynasty of the Roman Empire. Plautia was the second daughter born to Roman Senator Lucius Aelius Caesar, the first adopted heir of the Roman Emperor Hadrian (117-138) and Avidia Plautia. Plautia was born and raised in Rome. Her cognomen Plautia, she inherited from her mother and her grandmothers.
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Gaius Lutatius Catulus (Latin: C·LVTATIVS·C·F·CATVLVS) was a Roman statesman and naval commander in the First Punic War. He was born a member of the plebeian gens Lutatius. His cognomen "Catulus" means "puppy". There are no historical records of his life prior to consulship, but his career probably followed the standard cursus honorum, beginning with service in the cavalry and continuing with the positions of military tribune and quaestor.
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Reconstructed Legionary Eagle Legio septima decima ("Seventeenth Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army. It was founded by Augustus around 41 BC. The legion was destroyed in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (September 9, 9). The legion's symbol and cognomen are unknown. This legion was probably created to deal with Sextus Pompey, the last opponent of the second triumvirate, garrisoned in Sicily and threatening Rome's grain supply.
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The nomen Rufinius belongs to a class of gentilicia formed from surnames ending in -inus, using the suffix -inius.Chase, pp. 125, 126. The name was formed from the cognomen Rufinus, reddish, a diminutive of Rufus, red, and in this way is related to a number of other gentilicia formed from rufus, ruber, and rutilus, all with similar meanings, and in most cases originally applied to someone with red or reddish hair.
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The cognomen Italica suggests that the legion's original recruits were mainly drawn from Italy. The legion was still active in Raetia and other provinces in the early 5th century (Notitia Dignitatum, dated ca. 420 AD for Western Roman Empire entries). Together with legions II Italica and I Adiutrix, III Italica legion was in the Danube provinces from its beginning, fighting the Marcomanni invasion of the Raetia and Noricum provinces.
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Eck (2003), 3, 149. Augustus also styled himself as Imperator Caesar divi filius, "Commander Caesar son of the deified one". With this title, he boasted his familial link to deified Julius Caesar, and the use of Imperator signified a permanent link to the Roman tradition of victory. He transformed Caesar, a cognomen for one branch of the Julian family, into a new family line that began with him.
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Marcus Arruntius Aquila was a Roman senator who flourished during the Principate. He held the office of suffect consul in 66 with Marcus Vettius Bolanus as his colleague.Paul Gallivan, "Some Comments on the Fasti for the Reign of Nero", Classical Quarterly, 24 (1974), pp. 292, 296, 310 His name in the Acta Arvalia () is missing the cognomen, which Giuseppe Camodeca reconstructed from an unpublished wax tablet from Herculeium.
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These slaves had previously taken part in the rebellions led by Spartacus and Catiline. Octavius' victory over the slaves in Thurii led him to give his son, then a few years old, the cognomen of "Thurinus". He then left for Macedonia and proved to be a capable administrator, governing "courageously and justly". His deeds included leading the Roman forces to victory in an unexpected battle against the Thracian Bessian tribe.
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The great majority of Rabirii known from inscriptions lived in Italy, and a large family of this name seems to have lived at Tusculum, an ancient city of Latium not far from Rome. Another of the Rabirii bears the cognomen Tiburtinus, indicating that he or his ancestors probably came from Tibur, another city of northern Latium, not far from Rome and Tusculum, and strongly suggesting that the Rabirii were Latins.
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The only family of the Cilnii to achieve prominence bore the cognomen Maecenas, sometimes found as Maecaenas or Maecoenas. They claimed descent from Lars Porsena, the legendary king of Clusium, who played a prominent role in the early history of the Roman Republic. The name may be derived from a place, perhaps the same where the wines called the vina Maecenatiana were produced.Marcus Terentius Varro, De Lingua Latina libri XXV, viii.
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The legion was reconstituted in 42 BC and fought for Augustus (then Octavian), Lepidus and Mark Antony in the Battle of Philippi against the murderers of Caesar. After this, they followed Mark Antony in his campaign against Parthia and were defeated with him at Actium. Augustus then took control of the legion and settled the veterans in Patras. The legion rebelled and lost its cognomen Equestris as punishment.
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The only cognomen associated with the main branch of the Mussidii is Longus, normally given to someone who was particularly tall.Chase, p. 110. Pollianus, borne by two of the Mussidii, probably in the same branch as Longus, probably indicates descent from the Pollii through the female line. Optatus, found among a family of Mussidii in Spain, means "welcome" or "desired",The New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Optatus.
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Based on the elements of his cognomen Popicola Messalla, Ronald Syme suggested that Vipstanus Poplicola was the son of Lucius Vipstanus Gallus and a postulated Valeria Messallia, the granddaughter of Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus.Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 241 He completed his consulate in July 48, and was succeeded by the consul suffectus Gaius Vipstanus Messalla Gallus, who has been suggested to have been his brother.Christian Settipani.
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According to Varro, there was a goddess Numeria, to whom women prayed during childbirth. She was mentioned in the ancient prayers recited by the Pontifex Maximus, and Varro writes that the praenomen Numerius was given to children who were born quickly. As with other gentilicia that share a form with praenomina and cognomina, it is often difficult to determine whether persons named Numerius bore it as a praenomen, nomen, or cognomen.
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The Sabucii used a variety of personal cognomina. The only family surname known from inscriptions is Major, typically given to the elder of two or more siblings; the cognomen Magnus, great, borne by one of the other Sabucii, might suggest a connection to this family. Sabinus usually designated someone of Sabine ancestry, but might also refer to one who resembled a Sabine in his manner or habits.Chase, pp.
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There seems to have been a large family by this name at Nemausus in Gallia Narbonensis. They probably held a hereditary priesthood, as several of them bear the title of flamen or flaminica. Some of them bore the cognomen Aper, referring to a wild boar, and belonging to a common class of surnames derived from the names of familiar animals and objects.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. aper.
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Terentia was born into a wealthy plebeian family by the name of Terentius. She may have been a daughter of the Terentii Varrones, who were the most important senatorial branch of that family. This is suggested by the fact that Cicero had a cousin with the cognomen Varro and a friend by the name of Marcus Terentius Varro. This Varro owned a house near Arpinum not far from Cicero's own birthplace.
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Karl Joachim Marquardt, Handbuch der Römischen Alterthümer, vol. iiiTheodor Mommsen, Römische Forschungen However, the likeliest explanation derives the name from caesius, "blue-grey," a word frequently used to describe the color of the eyes. This etymology was given by Festus with respect to the feminine form, Caesula. It was also one of four different explanations given for the cognomen Caesar, which Varro believed to have originated as a praenomen.
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The magic invoked is clearly malicious, of a nature well attested from other parts of the Celtic world, notably Irish mythology. Sisterhoods of sorceresses or witches are also known to have existed in ancient Gaul on the authority of ancient ethnographers; thus, Pomponius Mela (III, 6, 48) records a college of nine priestesses capable of invoking tempests and adopting animal form among the Osismii, while Strabon (IV, 4, 6) is aware of a convent of women of the Samnitae possessed by Dionysus, installed on an island of the Loire estuary. Both the context of the curse tablet and the names of the women listed as targets of the curse reflect the syncretic culture of Roman Gaul at the end of the 1st century. The name of Severa Tertionicna, the "head witch" targeted by the curse, consists of a Roman cognomen Severa and a patronymic which combines the Roman cognomen Tertio with the Gaulish -ikno- suffix.
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Ancient Greek names also follow the pattern, with epithets (similar to second names) only used subsequently by historians to avoid confusion, as in the case of Zeno the Stoic and Zeno of Elea; likewise, patronymics or other biographic details (such as city of origin, or another city the individual was associated with, borough, occupation) were used to specify whom one was talking about, but these details were not considered part of the name. A departure from this custom occurred, for example, among the Romans, who by the Republican period and throughout the Imperial period used multiple names: a male citizen's name comprised three parts (this was mostly typical of the upper class, while others would usually have only two names): praenomen (given name), nomen (clan name) and cognomen (family line within the clan) — the nomen and cognomen were almost always hereditary.William Smith, Dictionary of the Bible, p. 2060. Mononyms in other ancient cultures include the Celtic queen Boudica and the Numidian king Jugurtha.
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The only family names of the Flaminia gens that we know are Chilo and Flamma. There is no evidence for the cognomen Nepos, which Orelli gives to the Flaminius who fell in battle at Lake Trasimene.Johann Caspar von Orelli, Onomasticon Tullianum ii. p. 254. Chilo, or Cilo, as the name seems to have been written in either way on coins of the Flaminia gens, is found as a surname in a number of Roman families.
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For example, he is the only consul of either the Roman Republic or Empire to use "Tubero" as a cognomen who was not of the gens Aelii.Freeman Adams, "The Consular Brothers of Sejanus", American Journal of Philology. 76 (1955), p. 72 The consensus is that Tubero is one of the two brothers of Sejanus alluded to by Velleius Paterculus;Velleius Paterculus, II.147 however, theories defining this fraternal relationship have changed over the years.
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Agrippa was born between 64 and 62 BC,Dio 54.28.3 places Agrippa's death in late March 12 BC, while Pliny the Elder 7.46 states that he died "in his fifty-first year". Depending on whether Pliny meant that Agrippa was aged 50 or 51 at his death, this gives a date of birth between March 64 and March 62. His family cognomen was the Latin form of Greek Agrippas, meaning "wild horse".
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Such Greeks often took the praenomen and nomen of the authors or sponsors of their citizenship, but retained their Greek name as cognomen to give such forms as Titus Flavius Alkibiades. Various mixed forms also emerged. The Latin suffix –ianus, originally indicating the birth family of a Roman adopted into another family, was taken over to mean initially "son of" (e.g. Asklepiodotianos = son of Asklepiodotos), then later as a source of independent new names.
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Claudia Capitolina is his only known child. The nomen Claudia she inherited from her father's family while the Cognomen Capitolina, she may have inherited from her mother's family. In 64, Capitolina married her second paternal cousin the Prince from Commagene, Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes, son of King Antiochus IV of Commagene, and his sister-wife, Queen Iotapa. Capitolina bore Epiphanes one son, called Gaius Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappos and one daughter, called Julia Balbilla.
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Madelka may have come from Opole, as suggested by the cognomen Oppolensis, preserved in the collection of his music. The surname Madelka was also quite common both in Silesia and Opole. He came to Western Bohemia probably in consequence of culmination of the reformation wave in Opole Region in the middle of the 16th century. Madelka was a Catholic, and his religion may have been the main reason for his changing residences.
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Father Jacob died in 1814 at age 82; his wife Sylvia (Bonney) LeavittSylvia Bonney was born in Pembroke, Massachusetts, in 1733, the daughter of Ichabod Bonney and Elizabeth (Howland) Bonney. died in 1810. Frontiersman and former pacifist Joseph Leavitt, known by the cognomen 'Quaker Joe' Leavitt was a Congregationalist, and not a Quaker, but his pacifist sentiments gave rise to the nickname. for the rest of his life, died at age 83 in 1839.
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Livy records that Silvius founded several colonies, later known as the Prisci Latini, or "Old Latins". According to Dionysius, he reigned for twenty-nine years. He was succeeded by his son, Aeneas Silvius, who assumed his father's name as a cognomen, or surname; henceforth all of his descendants bore the name "Silvius" in addition to their personal names. This was the same process by which the nomen gentilicium later developed throughout Italy.
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110, 111. This may have been a personal surname, as it was not passed down to any of the other Laberii known to history. The only distinct family of the Laberii bore the cognomen Maximus, literally meaning "very great" or "greatest", a common surname throughout Roman history. Although it belonged to the most illustrious branch of this family, it may originally have designated the line descending from the eldest son, rather than portending "future greatness".
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26 although in another passage Leunissen suggests that Cerialis is from the Italian Peninsula.Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 359 Andreas Krieckhaus notes that his cognomen "Sulla" indicates Sulla Cerialis claimed descent from the Republican dictator Sulla, but offers no suggestion how he is related to him.Krieckhaus, "Vater und Sohn, Bemerkungen zu den severischen consules ordinarii M. Munatius Sulla Cerialis und M. Munatius Sulla Urbanus", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 153 (2005), pp. 283f.
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The nomen Ofilius first appears in history during the period of the Samnite Wars, both as a praenomen and a nomen among the Samnites, but by the first century BC individuals of this gens are found at Rome. As a nomen, Ofilius may be regarded as a patronymic surname based on the existing praenomen, but Chase suggests a derivation from Ofella, a cognomen formed as a diminutive of offa, "a morsel".Chase, p. 124.
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A large number of them bore the surname Secundus and its derivatives, Secundinus and Secundina, and the diminutive Secundilla, originally given to a second child. In its masculine form it is only found as a surname under the Republic, but the feminine form, Secunda, was a common praenomen among Roman women, and in imperial times the distinction between the name as a praenomen and a cognomen begins to blur.Chase, pp. 151, 152, 172.
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His primary obligation was to supervise the baroque development of the city of Warsaw. Vital was his responsibility for the extensive merrymakings of the Saxon court at Warsaw. When 1730 at the end of tremendous fireworks at Zeithain which lasted for five hours, instead of the correct "VIVAT" in front of 48 foreign princes and numerous other lords a mistake in writing occurred and a "FIFAT" was illuminated, he gained his cognomen "Fifat".
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In the time of the Republic, there were three main branches of the Porcii, bearing the surnames Laeca, Licinus, and Cato, of which the most illustrious was Cato. Other cognomina are found under the Empire. The surname Cato is said to have been bestowed upon Cato the Elder in consequence of his shrewdness; before this, Plutarch says that he bore the cognomen Priscus, "the elder".Plutarch, "The Life of Cato the Elder", 1.
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On the Dharmaraja Rathas there are 16 inscriptions in Grantha and Nagari scripts in Sanskrit inscriptions on which are royal cognomen, single-word titles, most of them are attributed to Narasimhavarman I. On the top tier of the temple is an inscription which refers to it as Atyantakama Pallavesvaram; Atyantakama was one of the known titles of Paramesvaravarman I. Other inscribed titles for the king are Shri Megha and Trailokiya–vardhana-vidhi.
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Lastrić was born in a hamlet called Lastre, from which his cognomen derives, part of the village Oćevija near Vareš in the Sanjak of Bosnia, Ottoman Empire. Christened Martin, he was one of at least four children of Jakov Ivanić. The family was quite poor. His younger sisters, Anđelija and Lucija, lived in Kraljeva Sutjeska following marriage, while a brother is known to have required financial help from the already ordained Lastrić.
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Edmund Ironside (c. 99030 November 1016; , ; sometimes also known as Edmund II) was King of the English from 23 April to 30 November 1016. He was the son of King Æthelred the Unready and his first wife, Ælfgifu of York. Edmund's reign was marred by a war he had inherited from his father; his cognomen "Ironside" was given to him "because of his valour" in resisting the Danish invasion led by Cnut the Great.
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Placidianus' nomen, Iulius, may indicate a Gallic origin as many Gallic families became Roman citizens under the patronage of the Julio-Claudian Emperors. However, in the two centuries since the death of the last of the Julio-Caludians, Nero, Julian clans could well have become much more widely dispersed geographically. His cognomen, Placidianus, is not sufficiently common to suggest any geographical focus for those choosing it.See Kajanto, I. Roman Cognomina, Helsinki, 1965.
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The surnames associated with the Visellii are Varro and Aculeo. The former was a hereditary cognomen of the family, while the latter appears to have been a personal surname. Varro originally designated a fool, or one given to foolishness, while Aculeo seems to be derived from the adjective aculeus, meaning "sharp, pointy, prickly," or "thorny," presumably a commentary on the acuteness of its bearer's mind, bestowed in contradiction to the family's hereditary surname.Chase, pp.
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2, p. 497. In a letter to Cornificius dated March 43 BC, Cicero pejoratively linked Calvisius to T. Statilius Taurus, consul in 37 and 26 BC and governor of Africa in 36, calling them jointly “the Minotaur” in a play on the latter's cognomen. It has been conjectured that Taurus was nominated to serve as a legate under Calvisius in Africa,Cicero, Ad familiares 12.25.1; Tyrrell and Purser, The Correspondence of M. Tullius Cicero vol.
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The other family bore the cognomen Silvanus, originally referring to one who dwells in the forest. The imperial Plautii of the late second century may have been descended from one of these families through marriage, but were apparently descended from the Titii in the male line, and used Plautius because of its greater dignity. Many of the Plautii bore no surname; these seem to have used the alternative spelling, Plotius, more than the others.
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The only cognomen of the early Sestii is Capitolinus, probably referring to the Capitoline Hill, where the family may have lived. The consul of 452 BC bore the agnomen Vaticanus, apparently referring to the Vatican Hill, across the Tiber from the Capitol. Towards the end of the Republic, the surnames Pansa, meaning "splay-footed," and Gallus, a cock or a Gaul, are found.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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Our only near-contemporary source for Emund's reign is Adam of Bremen, who paints a very negative picture of the new ruler. This is mainly due to the self-willed attitude of Emund vis-à-vis the Archdiocese of Bremen. Adam relates that Emund was baptised but cared very little for the Christian faith. He also gives Emund the cognomen pessimus (worst), which is later reflected by the short chronicle of the Westrogothic law (c.
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109, 111, 112. In imperial times two distinct families of the Roscii came to prominence; one bearing the surname Murena, an lamprey, well known from a family of the Licinii. This family flourished in the late first and early second centuries, and one of them bore the additional surname Lupus, a wolf. The other stirps bore the cognomen Aelianus, probably indicating descent from a family of the Aelii through the female line.
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The Menenii are known to have used the praenomina Agrippa, Gaius, Titus and Lucius. Together with the gens Furia, they were amongst the only patrician families to make regular use of the praenomen Agrippa, which was later revived as a cognomen in many families. For this reason, later sources erroneously refer to members of this gens as Menenius Agrippa. Licinus, the praenomen of one of the Menenii, was likewise a rare name, meaning upturned.
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The cognomen of Magnus, Latinized as Mijneskiold,Svenskt Diplomatarium nr 1136 has been explained in various ways. It could derive from minni (memory), it may allude to his having a moon (måne) on his shield, or it could be interpreted as "smaller shield" (mindre sköld). Magnus Minnesköld was probably married twice; this has been inferred from the great differences in the ages of his children. Nothing is known about his supposed first wife.
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The main praenomina of the Acutii were Marcus, Lucius, Quintus, and Gaius, four of the most common names throughout Roman history. A number of other praenomina received occasional use, of which only Publius appears regularly. Salvius, an Oscan praenomen, occurs once. Rufus, which also occurs, may have been a cognomen rather than a praenomen, although it was occasionally used as a praenomen in Cisalpine Gaul; or it may have been a servile name.
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The poem contains a well-known pun on Horace's cognomen Flaccus ( "... if there is anything manly in a man called floppy"). Epode 16 weaves together strands from Epodes 2 and 7. After lamenting the devastating effects of civil warfare on Rome and its citizens, Horace exhorts his countrymen to emigrate to a faraway place. This vision of a rural lifestyle as an alternative to a depressed state of affairs shows characteristics of escapism.
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Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor Hadrian, showing the Legio XXII Deiotariana, stationed at Alexandria (Alexandria, Egypt), in Aegyptus province, from 8 BC to at ca. 123 AD Legio vigesima secunda Deiotariana ("Deiotarus' Twenty-Second Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army, founded ca. 48 BC and disbanded during the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132-135\. Its cognomen comes from Deiotarus, a Celtic king of Galatia.
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The cognomen Lentulus probably belongs to a class of surnames deriving from the habits or qualities of the persons to whom they were first applied; the adjective lentulus means "rather slow". An alternative explanation is that the name is a diminutive of lens, a lentil, and so belongs to the same class of surnames as Cicero, a chickpea, and Caepio, an onion.Chase, pp. 110–113.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Their surname, Dolabella, is a diminutive of dolabra, a mattock or pickaxe, and belongs to a common class of surnames derived from everyday objects.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. dolabra. Several lesser patrician stirpes flourished during the late Republic and early years of the Empire. The Cornelii Merendae flourished for about a century, beginning in the early third century BC. Their cognomen means the midday meal, and is also found among the patrician Antonii.
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Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 586 ("Calvus"). Although the family of the Licinii Calvi afterward vanished into obscurity, the surname Calvus was later borne by the celebrated orator and poet Gaius Licinius Macer, who lived in the first century BC. His cognomen Macer, designated someone who was lean.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 586 ("Calvus", "Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus").Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary.
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Pilate's wife is left nameless in her only early mention, the Gospel of Matthew. She is one of several women identified in the Bible only by their relationship to their husband. The cognomen Procula (in Latin) or Prokla (in Greek) for Pilate's wife first appears in the Gospel of Nicodemus (5th c.) and the chronicle of John Malalas (6th c.). This name is relatively stable for her both in eastern and western Christianity.
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Following the Roman custom of parents and children sharing the same nomen and cognomen, women in the same family would often share the same name. Accordingly, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa had many relatives who shared the name "Vipsania Agrippina". To distinguish Marcus Agrippa's daughter from his granddaughter, historians refer to his daughter as Latin "Agrippina Maior", literally "Agrippina the Elder". Likewise, Agrippina's daughter is referred to as "Agrippina Minor", literally "Agrippina the Younger".
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The legion's symbol and cognomen are unknown. This legion was probably created to deal with Sextus Pompeius, the last opponent of the second triumvirate, garrisoned in Sicily and threatening Rome's grain supply. It was probably one of the eight legions Augustus promised Mark Antony for his campaign against the Parthians, but never delivered. Following the defeat of Antony and Cleopatra in the battle of Actium (31 BC), the legion was stationed in Gaul.
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65; Martin, 1981, p. 27; Benario in his Introduction to Tacitus, Germany, p. 1. He gained acclaim as a lawyer and as an orator; his skill in public speaking ironically counterpoints his cognomen Tacitus ("silent"). He served in the provinces from to , either in command of a legion or in a civilian post.The Agricola (45.5) indicates that Tacitus and his wife were absent at the time of Julius Agricola's death in 93.
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Creticus was given the proconsular command against the island of Crete, which was aiding Mithridates and infested with pirates. He defeated the island and triumphed for it in 62 BC, receiving the cognomen 'Creticus'. Another son was Lucius Caecilius Metellus. He was praetor in 71 BC. He succeeded Gaius Verres as governor of Sicily in 70 BC. He died in office as consul in 68 BC. Marcus Caecilius Metellus was Caprarius' third son.
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Legio II Herculia (devoted to Hercules) was a Roman legion, levied by Emperor Diocletian (284–305), possibly together with I Iovia, to guard the newly created province of Scythia Minor. It was stationed at Capidava. The cognomen of this legion came from Herculius, the attribute of Maximian (Diocletian's colleague) meaning "similar to Hercules". According to Notitia Dignitatum, at the beginning of the 5th-century, II Herculia was still in its camp on the Danube.
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Abu'l-Fath was a Sayyid but not a member of the dynasty of the Rassids. He traced his descent from Zaid bin al-Hasan bin Ali, grandson of the caliph Ali.The filiation is: Zaid - al-Hasan - Ali - Abdallah - Ahmad - Abdallah - Muhammad - Isa - Muhammad - al-Husayn - Abu'l-Fath an-Nasir ad- Dailami. He was born and raised in Deylaman south of the Caspian Sea where there was also a Zaydiyyah congregation, hence his cognomen ad-Dailami.
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The nomen Sabellius belongs to a class of gentilicia typically formed directly from cognomina ending in -illus and -ellus, typically diminutive suffixes. The surname Sabellus referred to a member of the Oscan- speaking peoples of central and southern Italy, particularly the Sabines, Marsi, Samnites, and their relatives, and thus the name belongs to a common type of cognomen derived from the names of peoples and places of origin.Chase, pp. 113, 114, 124.
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Quintus Fabius Maximus Servilianus was the adoptive son of Quintus Fabius Maximus AemilianusSmith II, pg. 995 and the natural son of Gnaeus Servilius Caepio (consul in 169 BC)--hence the adoptive cognomen Servilianus. He was consul of the Roman Republic in 142 BC together with Lucius Caecilius Metellus Calvus. He was the brother of Gnaeus Servilius Caepio (consul of 141 BC and censor in 125) and Quintus Servilius Caepio (consul in 140 BC).
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According to Dionysius of Halicarnassus, a dispute arose on who should succeed Ascanius, either Silvius (the brother of Ascanius) or Iulus (the son of Ascanius).Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 1.70 The dispute was decided in favor of Silvius by the people who believed that it was his right as the grandson of Latinus. Julus was awarded the priesthood. All the kings of Alba following Silvius bore the name as their cognomen.
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Lucius Cispius, probably with the cognomen Laevus, was a commander of the fleet (praefectus classis) in 46 BC, serving under Julius Caesar. He took part in the blockade of Thapsus. Cispius was not of senatorial rank, and has been tentatively linked to a pottery manufacturing family in Arretium. It is possible that he was the son of Marcus Cispius (above), though this filiation would place them on opposite sides in the civil war.
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The main praenomina of the Septicii were Aulus, Gaius, and Marcus, followed by Publius, Quintus, and Titus, all of which were common throughout all periods of Roman history. Other names occur infrequently. From a filiation, it seems that at least one of the Septicii bore the Oscan praenomen Salvius. In Etruria, where women's praenomina were common, one of the women of the Salvii bore the feminine praenomen Rufa, which another of the gens bore as a cognomen.
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Hrólfr Kraki's saga tells that when Hrólfr Kraki went to the Swedish king Aðils (Eadgils), queen Yrsa (Hrólfr's mother) presented them a man named Vöggr to entertain them. This Vöggr remarked that Hrólfr had the thin face of a pole ladder, a Kraki. Happy with his new cognomen Hrólfr gave Vöggr a golden ring, and Vöggr swore to avenge Hrólfr if anyone should kill him. Hrólfr fled from Uppsala and lived in peace for some time.
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Lucius ( , ) is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was one of the most common names throughout Roman history. The feminine form is Lucia ( , ). The praenomen was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gentes Lucia and Lucilia, as well as the cognomen Lucullus. It was regularly abbreviated L.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & Mythology Throughout Roman history, Lucius was the most common praenomen, used slightly more than Gaius and somewhat more than Marcus.
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Albus or Albinus is a Latin surname, or cognomen, best known as the name of the main branch of the patrician gens Postumia. Albus, the original form of the name, means "white". The lengthened form, Albinus, may be interpreted either as "whitish" or as "little" or "young Albus." We also find in proper names in Latin, derivatives ending in -anus, -enus, and -inus, used without any additional meaning, in the same sense as the simple forms.Comp.
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He came into conflict with the Transylvanian Saxons, who supported his opponents, Dan and Basarab Laiotă (who were Vladislav's brothers), and Vlad's illegitimate half-brother, Vlad the Monk. Vlad plundered the Saxon villages, taking the captured people to Wallachia where he had them impaled (which inspired his cognomen). Peace was restored in 1460. The Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed II, ordered Vlad to pay homage to him personally, but Vlad had the Sultan's two envoys captured and impaled.
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Catius was left to face off against Hannibal, who decided to stay put. This delegation of authority anticipated a highly controversial case two years later concerning an egregious exercise of imperium under Scipio AfricanusScipio had not earned his cognomen Africanus yet, but this is the name by which he is best known to history. by his legate Quintus Pleminius; Catius, by contrast, had benefitted from the nearby support of the experienced and respected Fulvius Flaccus, a four-time consul.
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Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus is a fictional character in a series of historical detective novels by the Scottish author David Wishart. Corvinus (he goes by his cognomen) is of a noble Roman family, living in the reign of the Emperor Tiberius. He has turned his back on the cursus honorum, preferring a quiet private life with his wife, Rufia Perilla, the scholarly, beautiful stepdaughter of the poet Ovid. Corvinus' main activity is solving mysteries and crimes.
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The only distinct family of the Remmii under the Republic bore the surname Rufus, originally given to someone with red hair.Chase, p. 110. Most of the other surnames of the Remmii seem to have been personal cognomina, many of them belonging to freedmen, and indicating their original names. Of those that represent traditional Roman surnames, Faustus, fortunate, was an old praenomen that came to be widely used as a cognomen in the late Republic and imperial times.
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Unlike Tiberius and Germanicus, both of whom were born as Claudians and became adopted Julians, Claudius was not adopted into the Julian family. Upon becoming emperor, however, he added the Julian- affiliated cognomen Caesar to his full name. Nero (Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus) was a great-great-grandson of Augustus and Livia through his mother, Agrippina the Younger. The younger Agrippina was a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, as well as Caligula's sister.
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The nomen Seccius seems to be derived from the cognomen Secus. Chase classifies it among those gentilicia that either originated at Rome, or cannot be shown to have come from anywhere else.Chase, p. 131. The surname Campanus, borne by the consul Secius, belongs to a class of cognomina derived from places of origin or residence, and indicates that at least some of this family claimed Campanian ancestry, or some other connection with that region of Italy.
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The Pinarii of the early Republic used the praenomina Publius and Lucius. They are also thought to have used Mamercus, although no examples of this name as a praenomen amongst the Pinarii are found in ancient writers; however, the use of Mamercus or Mamercinus as a cognomen by the oldest family of the gens seems to prove that the praenomen was once used by the gens. In later times, some of the Pinarii bore the names Marcus and Titus.
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Sextus Pompeius Festus, epitome of Marcus Verrius Flaccus, De Verborum Significatu, s.v. Cloeliae Fossae. In later times, when it became fashionable for Roman families to claim mythological origins, it was said that the gens was descended from Clolius, a companion of Aeneas. From an early date, the Cloelii bore the cognomen Siculus, perhaps referring to the legend that the people of Alba Longa was a mixture of two ancient Italic peoples, the Siculi and the Prisci.
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Bust of Pompey the Great in the Residenz, Munich Pompey the Great, the next major leader who aggravated the crisis, was born Gnaeus Pompeius, but took his own cognomen of Magnus ("the Great").Losch, p. 390. Pompey as a young man was allied to Sulla, but in the consular elections of 78 BC, he supported Lepidus against Sulla's wishes. When Sulla died later that year, Lepidus revolted, and Pompey suppressed him on behalf of the senate.
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The kingdom of Ivar Vidfamne (outlined in red) and other territories paying him tribute (outlined in purple), as it may be interpreted from the stories about Ivar Vidfamne in the sagas. In that way Ivar conquered much of Scandinavia and parts of north Germany and England (sometimes specified as Northumbria), earning the cognomen Vidfamne (Wide-fathoming).Ellehøj (1965), p. 92. Because of his harsh rule, many Swedes fled west and populated Värmland under its king Olof Trätälja.
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139, suggests he was the grandson of the consul of 299, but does not detail his familial link with Torquatus Atticus, the consul of 244. The cognomen Torquatus was first received by Titus' ancestor Titus Manlius Imperiosus in 361 BC after he had defeated a Gaul in single combat, and took his torque as a trophy.Livy, vii. 10. The torque then became the emblem of the family, whose members proudly put it on the coins they minted.
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German psychologist Wilhelm Stekel spoke of "Die Verpflichtung des Namens" (the obligation of the name) in 1911. Outside of science, cognomen syndrome was used by playwright Tom Stoppard in his 1972 play Jumpers. In Ancient Rome the predictive power of a person's name was captured by the Latin proverb "nomen est omen", meaning the name is a sign. This saying is still in use today in English and other languages such as French, German, Italian, Dutch, and Slovenian.
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Salomies, Adoptive and polyonymous nomenclature, pp. 137f Regardless of the complications of the second element in his name, Salomies believes that the identity of Caepio Hispo's family origins can be found in the third or final element. The nomen "Caepio" is very unusual but attested in Mantua. The cognomen "Hispo" is also rare, but attested in the Transpadana region; the name of the daughter of Pliny the Younger’s elderly friend Quintus Corellius Rufus, Corellia Hispulla, is one example.
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Although not related to them, Cinna shared the surname (cognomen) of the high noble (consular) aristocratic house Cornelii Cinnae, relatives by marriage of the famous Caesar. According to Suetonius,Suetonius, Divus Iulius 85 Valerius Maximus,Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings 9.9.1 AppianAppian, The Civil Wars 2.20.147 and Dio Cassius,Dio Cassius, Roman History 44.50 at Julius Caesar's funeral in 44 BC, a certain Helvius Cinna was killed because he was mistaken for Cornelius Cinna, the conspirator.
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Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum, v. 291. The cognomen Flamininus is also implied on a denarius. The eldest branches of the gens, those that bore the surnames Capitolinus and Cincinnatus, may have sprung from two brothers, Titus Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus, six times consul, and Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, twice dictator, two of the greatest men of their age. The Fasti show that both men were the son and grandson of Lucius, and the two were well acquainted with one another.
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He advised Porsena that he was merely the first of 300 Roman youths who would attempt such a deed, one after another until they succeeded. To prove his valour, Mucius thrust his right hand into a sacrificial fire, thereby earning for himself and his descendants the cognomen Scaevola ("lefty"). Astonished and impressed by the young man's courage, Porsena gave Mucius his freedom and dismissed him from the camp. According to Livy, Porsena sought peace by treaty immediately afterward.
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There is no trace of a cognomen Pasidus, so the original root of the nomen is unclear, unless it is treated as an orthographic variant of Pacidius, in which case the root may be the Oscan praenomen Paccius.Chase, pp. 128, 139. In any case, Pasidius seems to be the source for another nomen, Pasidienus, derived from Pasidius using the gentile-forming suffix -enus, not normally found in names of Latin origin, but typical of names from Picenum and Umbria.
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None of the Arrii during the Republic bore any cognomen. In imperial times, we find the surnames Gallus, Varus, and Aper. Gallus and Aper belong to a widespread class of surnames derived from familiar objects and animals; Aper signified a wild boar, while Gallus refers to a cockerel, although it could also refer to a Gaul, indicating someone of Gallic descent or association. Varus, "knock-kneed", was originally given to someone whose legs were turned inward.
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The only distinct family of the Popillii mentioned during the Republic bore the surname Laenas, cloaked.Chase, p. 112. Cicero describes the incident believed to have given rise to the cognomen: Marcus Popillius, the Flamen Carmentalis, was performing a public sacrifice in his sacerdotal cloak, or laena, when he learned of a riot occasioned by strife between the plebeians and the patrician nobility. He rushed from the sacrifice, still wearing his cloak, hoping to calm the plebeians.
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Anteius was already disliked by Nero on account of his intimacy with Nero's hated mother Agrippina, and was forced by Nero to kill himself in 67.Tacitus, Annals 13.22, 16.14 Anteius first took poison, which did not work, and after which he cut open his own veins. This Anteius's cognomen "Rufus" is not recorded in the account of Tacitus, but is ascribed to him by the scholar Edmund Groag based on inscriptions in his Prosopographia Imperii Romani.
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19 September 2004. The town has two Secondary Schools: Anglican Grammar School (founded in 1972) and the C.A.C. Comprehensive High School. It has a Post Office (commissioned in 1969), a Community Bank, three Health Centres and had its public water supply system (commissioned in 1970)renovated in late 2006.The town is specifically noted for its growing and preservation of Kolanuts that earns it the appelative cognomen "Ijare Elewe Obi" That is, Ijare, the Kolanut city.
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Although there was hardly any fighting, the encounter is known as the Battle of the Lipari Islands. His mishap earned him the pejorative cognomen of Asina ("ass", literally "female donkey", in Latin), given by political opponents. Neither the humiliation, nor his loss, ended his career; in 254 BC, Scipio Asina was elected consul for the second time and, with his co-consul Aulus Atilius Caiatinus, succeeded in the conquest of Panormus (Palermo, now capital of Sicily).
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The Blasiones appeared at the same time and flourished for about 160 years; their surname was originally given to one who stammers. Cethegus is a cognomen whose original meaning and significance have been lost. The Cornelii Cethegi first appear in the latter half of the third century BC, and were described by Quintus Horatius Flaccus as cinctuti Cethegi, for their old-fashioned practice of wearing their arms bare. They remained prominent for the next two centuries.
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Another family of the Licinii bore the cognomen Varus, which means "crooked, bent," or "knock-kneed." The Licinii Vari were already distinguished, when their surname was replaced by that of Crassus. This was a common surname, which could mean "dull, thick," or "solid," and may have been adopted because of the contrast between this meaning and that of Varus. The surname Dives, meaning "rich" or "wealthy," was borne by some of the Licinii Crassi.Chase, p. 111.
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Gratian originated from the town of Cibalae (Vinkovci), in southern Pannonia Secunda (modern Croatia), possibly in the 280s. During his youth, he obtained the cognomen Funarius , meaning "the rope- man" because he was a rope salesman. Gratian joined the army and rose through the ranks to become protector domesticus during the reign of Constantine the Great. A protector domesticus named "...atianus" is attested at Salona (Split) during this time, leading some to think Gratian could have been stationed there.
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The poet Vergil linked the family of the Memmii with the Trojan hero Mnestheus. This late tradition suggests that by the end of the Republic, the gens had become a conspicuous part of the Roman nobility. The nomen Memmius is classified by Chase with those gentilicia that either originated at Rome, or cannot be shown to have come from anywhere else. From its morphology, the name could be derived from a cognomen, Memmus, the significance of which is unknown.
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The chief family of the Cassii in the time of the Republic bears the name of Longinus. The other cognomina during this time are Parmensis, Sabaco, Varus, and Viscellinus. One of the earliest Roman historians was Lucius Cassius Hemina, whose cognomen—unique in Roman history—comes from a unit of measure of about half a pint, or a quarter litre, perhaps an allusion to his short stature.John Briscoe, in Cornell (ed.), Fragments of the Roman Historians, vol.
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He was born in 490 AD at Philadelphia in Lydia, whence his cognomen "Lydus". At an early age he set out to seek his fortune in Constantinople, and held high court and state offices in the praetorian prefecture of the East under Anastasius and Justinian. In 552, he lost Justinian's favour and was dismissed. The date of his death is not known, but he was probably alive during the early years of Justin II (reigned 565–578).
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68 ("Publius Ovidius Naso"). The nomen Ovidius would seem to belong to a class of gentilicia formed from other names using the common name-forming suffix -idius, in which case it might be a patronymic surname based on the Oscan praenomen Ovius. Alternatively, the name might have been derived from a cognomen Ovis, referring to a sheep. Chase also mentions a nomen Ofidius, an orthographic variant of Aufidius, derived from the river Aufidus; Ovidius could perhaps be another orthography.
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Denarius of Lucius Manlius Torquatus, 65 BC. The obverse depicts the head of the Sibyl, while a tripod and amphora, instruments of the quindecimviri sacris faciundis, appear within a torque on the reverse. The earliest cognomen found amongst the Manlii is Cincinnatus, better known from the Quinctia gens. This name originally referred to a person with fine, curly hair. The descendants of Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus bore the surname Vulso, meaning "plucked", perhaps chosen for its contrast to Cincinnatus.
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Flaccus was a cognomen of the ancient Roman plebeian family Fulvius, considered one of the most illustrious gentes of the city. Cicero and Pliny the Elder state that the family was originally from Tusculum, and that members still lived there in the 1st century. As usual for cognomina, "Flaccus" was likely originally a nickname, probably of Marcus Fulvius Flaccus, the founder of the family. It has been variously interpreted as meaning "big ears", "flop ears", "floppy", or "fatty".
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The cognomen Soranus is a toponym indicating that he was from Sora.Oxford Latin Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1982, 1985 printing), entry on "Soranus," p. 1793. A single elegiac couplet survives more or less intact from his body of work. The two lines address Jupiter as an all-powerful begetter who is both male and female. This androgynous, unitarian conception of deity,Jaime Alvar, “Matériaux pour l'étude de la formule sive deus, sive dea,” Numen 32 (1985), pp. 259–260.
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There may only have been a single family of the Sanquinii, as all of those occurring in history come from the same time and place, and only one other is added from inscriptions anywhere else. The only attested surname, Maximus, seems to have been a personal cognomen, and was probably given to the consul Sanquinius either because he was the eldest brother in his family, or because he was the most illustrious of the Sanquinii.Chase, p. 111.
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From an early age he proved himself impetuous, audacious, brave, and tough. He was also a skilled author of mostly derogatory poems, which earned him the cognomen ormstunga, "serpent's tongue". After a quarrel with his father, Illugi, Gunnlaugr left his home at the age of twelve to stay for some time at Borg with Þorsteinn Egilsson, the son of Egill Skallagrímsson. There, he became acquainted with Þorsteinn's daughter, Helga the fair, reputedly the most beautiful woman in Iceland.
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45; but this is based on a reference in Macrobius (Saturnalia 1.12.12) to a L. Cincius (Cingius in some editions) who wrote a book De fastis also sometimes attributed to the annalist Lucius Cincius Alimentus, particularly since John Lydus gives the title in Greek and Alimentus wrote in Greek. and whose cognomen goes unrecorded, was an antiquarian writer probably during the time of Augustus.Gian Biagio Conte, Latin Literature: A History (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994, originally published 1987 in Italian), p. 70.
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Lucius GelliusThe cognomen Publicola, given by some sources, belongs only to his adopted son, the consul of 36 BC. Ernst Badian, "The Clever and the Wise: Two Roman cognomina in context", Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, supplement 51 (1988), pp. 6–12, , ; entry in Oxford Classical Dictionary (c. 136 BCOxford Classical Dictionary, "Gellius, Lucius" – c. 54 BC) was a Roman politician and general who was one of two Consuls of the Republic in 72 BC along with Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus.
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He was the son of Udai Manikya, who had supplanted Tripura's previous ruling dynasty and adopted its cognomen in 1567. Following his father's death, Joy succeeded him on the throne in 1573. However, his rule was only nominal as the powerful general Ranagan Narayan, who was the husband of his paternal aunt, held actual control of the kingdom, using Joy as a puppet-monarch. Narayan eventually grew jealous of the popularity enjoyed by Amaradeva, a prince of the former royal family.
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Other gentes which later used it as a cognomen may originally have used it as a praenomen. Because it was not a common name, there are few examples of the feminine form, but Marcus Terentius Varro listed it together with other archaic praenomina that were no longer in general use by the 1st century BC, and Plutarchus mentions that it was given to the youngest daughter of the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who lived during Varro's time.Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla".
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By the late Republic, women also often adopted the feminine of their father's cognomen. A woman kept her own family name after she married, though she might be identified in relation to her husband: the name Clodia Metelli, "Clodia [wife] of Metellus," preserves the birth name Clodia and adds her husband's name to specify which Clodia. Children usually took the father's name. In the Imperial period, however, children might sometimes make their mother's family name part of theirs, or even adopt it instead.
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He openly declared his identity and what had been his intent. He threatened that he was but merely the first of three hundred Roman youths who would attempt such a deed. To prove his valour, Mucius thrust his right hand into one of the Etruscan camp fires, thereby earning for himself and his descendants the cognomen Scaevola ("Lefty"). Mucius was also granted farming land on the right hand back of the Tiber, which later became known as the Mucia Prata (Mucian Meadows).
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S 597 The description has been interpreted as indicating that Ælfric had married into a family of royal rank and possibly that he "had a hand in raising the young Eadwig".Jayakumar, "Eadwig and Edgar", p. 85. In some contemporary as well as later sources, Ælfric (a common Old English name) is distinguished by his cognomen Cild. Literally meaning "child", it is an Old English title borne by some Anglo-Saxon nobles and typically denotes a man of high rank.
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The only family of the Pinarii mentioned in the early days of the Republic bore the cognomen Mamercinus. Later, the surnames of Natta, Posca, Rusca, and Scarpus appear, but no members of these families obtained the consulship. Natta and Scarpus are the only cognomina that occur on coins. The family of the Pinarii Mamercini, all of whom bore the agnomen Rufus, meaning "red", derived their surname from the praenomen Mamercus, which must have been borne by an ancestor of the gens.
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Secundus was descended from a respectable, if undistinguished plebeian family. His father and grandfather were also named Quintus, and from their shared filiation we know that Secundus was the brother of Gaius Poppaeus Sabinus, consul ordinarius in the same year that Secundus was suffectus. It is unclear which was the elder; typically an elder son would be named after his father, but the cognomen Secundus suggests that he was the younger brother.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Sōun was rewarded by Ujichika with Kokukuji castle. He gained control of Izu Province in 1493, avenging a wrong committed by a member of the Ashikaga family which held the shogunate. With Sōun's successful invasion in Izu province, he is credited by most historians as being the first "Sengoku daimyō". About 1475, under the cognomen of Ise Shinkuro, he worked for Imagawa, the constable of Suruga Province, and eventually became an "independent leader" with a number of warriors joining him.
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Fabius was the son of Gaius Fabius Pictor, consul in 269 BC. His cognomen Pictor (Latin for "painter") had been acquired by his grandfather, Gaius Fabius Pictor, who is the earliest Roman painter known to us. Quintus Fabius Pictor led Roman forces against the Gauls in 225 BC. In 216 BC, during the Second Punic War, he was appointed to travel to the oracle at Delphi in Greece to seek guidance after the disastrous Roman defeat to Hannibal at Cannae.
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The presence, in the early 3rd century, of a consul with the rare cognomen Regalianus and belonging to a family whose name begins with 'C' opens the way to some interesting possibilities. A Regalianus descended from this consul might have been appointed governor of Moesia or Pannonia, and have rebelled against Gallienus. This would also solve a problem raised by the Historia, which states Regalianus was of equestrian rank, while his governorship required the senatorial rank, as did the consulate.
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A pagan,His cognomen is an invocation to Mavors, the Old Latin and poetic name of Mars. he was Governor of Campania from 328 to 335, comes Orientis from 330 to 336, Proconsul of Africa from 334 to 337, Praefectus urbi of Rome in 342, Consul in 355 and Praetorian prefect of Illyricum for Constantius II between 355 and 356. He encouraged the senatorial writer Julius Firmicus Maternus to write an astrological essay, the Matheseos libri VIII, that the author dedicated to Lollianus.
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Drawing of the globe from Von Geldern's diary Simon von Geldern (1720 - 1774) was a German traveler and author. He was the great-uncle of Heinrich Heine, who describes him in his "Memoirs" as an adventurer and Utopian dreamer. The cognomen "Oriental" was given him because of his long journeys in Oriental countries. He spent many years in the maritime cities in the north of Africa and in the Moroccan states, there learning the trade of armorer, which he carried on with success.
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Antoninus acquired the cognomen Pius after his accession to the throne, either because he compelled the Senate to deify his adoptive father,Birley, p. 54; Dio, 70:1:2 or because he had saved senators sentenced to death by Hadrian in his later years.Birley, p. 55, citing the Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian 24.4 His reign is notable for the peaceful state of the Empire, with no major revolts or military incursions during this time, and for his governing without ever leaving Italy.
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Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, now at the National Portrait Gallery John Philip "Pope" Davis (1784-1862), a portrait and subject painter, first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1811. In 1824 he went to Rome, and painted 'The Talbot Family receiving the Papal Benediction:' whence his cognomen of 'Pope Davis.' He next year received a prize of £50 from the British Institution. With his friend Haydon, he was a great opponent of the Academy, where he did not exhibit after 1843.
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Ahenobarbus was a cognomen used by a plebeian branch of the gens Domitia in the late Roman Republic and early Empire. The name means "red-beard" (literally, "bronze-beard") in Latin. According to legend, Castor and Pollux announced to one of their ancestors the victory of the Romans over the Latins at the battle of Lake Regillus, and, to confirm the truth of what they had just said, they stroked his black hair and beard, which immediately became red.Suetonius, Nero 1Plutarch, Aemil.
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109, 146, 147.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Gallus. The other stirps of the Asinii, with the cognomen Rufus, originally indicating someone with red hair, appears in imperial times, and may well have been related to the Polliones. As with that family, the Asinii Rufi also bore a variety of other surnames, including Bassus, stout, and Quadratus, stocky, as well as names inherited from other gentes, such as Frugi, an agnomen of the Calpurnii, and Nicomachus, a surname of Greek origin.
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Hofmeister (ed.), 1912, p. 345). However, the same qualities which earned him the cognomen of "the Proud" aroused the jealousy of the princes and so ultimately prevented his election. The new king, Conrad III, demanded the Imperial Regalia which Henry had received from Lothair, and the duke in return asked for his investiture with the Saxon duchy. But Conrad, who feared his power, refused to assent to this on the pretext that it was unlawful for two duchies to be in one hand.
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It is not clear how these various traditions about Ambrosius relate to each other, or whether they come from the same tradition; it is very possible that these references are to different men with the same name. Frank D. Reno points out that the works call all these men "Ambrosius"/"Emrys". The cognomen "Aurelianus" is never used. The Historia Brittonum dates the battle of Guoloph to "the twelfth year of Vortigern", by which the year 437 seems to be meant.
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57.82–83; Zonaras 9.14. His actions may reflect on the earlier connection with Scipio, whose imperium in Africa was extended into 201 so he could finalize the treaty, as a result of which he received the cognomen Africanus. Minucius Thermus was curule aedile in 198. From 197, he served on the three-man commission (triumviri coloniis deducendis) in charge of establishing colonies located at the mouths of the Volturnus and the Liternus (in Campania), at Puteoli, Castrum Salerni, and Buxentum.
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Most of the Suellii known from epigraphy lived during imperial times, when the surnames assumed by the Roman nobility were highly changeable, but a distinct family of the Suellii at Ligures Baebiani, where they bore the cognomina Flaccus and Rufus. Both of these belonged to an abundant type of cognomen derived from the physical features of individuals, with Flaccus designating someone flabby, or with large or floppy ears, while Rufus, "reddish", usually referred to someone with red hair.Chase, pp. 109, 110.
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PW, Suillius. The nomen is easily confused with that of the Suellia gens, with which it might perhaps be identical. Like the Suillii, the Suellii used the cognomen Rufus, although that surname was abundant enough to arise by chance in unrelated families. However, while the epigraphy of the Suellia gens places their origin firmly in Samnium, none of the Suillii are found in that region, although several inscriptions of this gens are from other parts of Italy, including Etruria and Campania.
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454-457 There is evidence suggesting Julius Sparsus the consul may have been a proconsular governor of Africa. Michel Christol has published a fragmentary inscription from Uthina in modern Tunisia of which two lines are readable. The second line clearly contains the cognomen "Sparsus". Christol first suggests this may refer to Julius Sparsus, but the other two surviving letters forces him to reject that identification; he then argues for an identification with the suffect consul of 98 mentioned above, Coelius Sparsus.
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Hasdrubal was a citizen of the city state of Carthage; he is distinguished by modern historians from other Carthaginians named Hasdrubal by the cognomen "son of Hanno". Hasdrubal's date of birth and age at death are both unknown, as are his activities prior to his coming to prominence in 256 BC during the First Punic War. Only four set piece land battles took place during the 23 years of the war; Hasdrubal took part as a general in three of them.
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Nerva, originally applied to someone described as "sinewy", was the cognomen of the most prominent family of the Silii, and the only surname of this gens that occurs on coins.Chase, p. 110. This family was prominent from the age of Cicero to the time of Nero. One branch of this family was descended from a member who was adopted by Aulus Licinius Nerva; but as the two families shared a surname prior to this adoption, they may perhaps have been related.
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Legio I Iovia (devoted to Jupiter) was a Roman legion, levied by Emperor Diocletian (284–305), possibly together with II Herculia, to guard the newly created province of Scythia Minor. The cognomen of this legion came from Diocletian's attribute Iovianus, "similar to Jupiter". According to Notitia Dignitatum, at the beginning of the 5th century I Iovia was still in its camp on the Danube. The legion may have even survived the fall of Rome and continued to serve the Byzantine empire.
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A cognomen (, ; Latin plural cognomina; from con- "together with" and (g)nomen "name") was the third name of a citizen of ancient Rome, under Roman naming conventions. Initially, it was a nickname, but lost that purpose when it became hereditary. Hereditary cognomina were used to augment the second name, the gens (the family name, or clan name), in order to identify a particular branch within a family or family within a clan. The term has also taken on other contemporary meanings.
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A similar reference to togae was made by a family of the patrician gens Sulpicia, which bore the cognomen Praetextatus.Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 238. There are some persons bearing the gentile name Furius, who were plebeians, since they are mentioned as tribunes of the plebs; and those persons either had gone over from the patricians to the plebeians, or they were descended from freedmen or a particular family of the Furii, as is expressly stated in the case of one of them.
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Publius Terentius Varro Atacinus (; 82 BC – c. 35 BC) was a Roman poet, more polished in his style than the more famous and learned Varro Reatinus, his contemporary, and therefore more widely read by the Augustan writers.Charles Thomas Cruttwell, History of Roman Literature (1877): Book II, part I, note III He was born in the province of Gallia Narbonensis, the southern part of Gaul with its capital at Narbonne, on the river Atax (now the Aude), for his cognomen Atacinus indicates his birthplace.
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The Gesta Danorum (book 2), by Saxo Grammaticus, tells that a young man named Wigg was impressed with Roluo's (Hrólfr's) bodily size and gave him the cognomen Krage, which meant a tall tree trunk used as a ladder. Roluo liked this name and rewarded Wigg with a heavy bracelet. Wigg, then, swore to Roluo to avenge him, if he was killed. Roluo later defeated the king of Sweden, Athislus (Eadgils), and gave Sweden to young man named Hiartuar (Heoroweard), who also married Roluo's sister Skulde.
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The 2nd-century writer Apuleius claimed that Catullus gave his lover Clodia the pseudonym Lesbia; Wiseman traces Apuleius's source for this claim to the historian Suetonius, and Suetonius'z sources to Gaius Julius Hyginus's De Vita Rebusque Illustrium Virorum. Hyginus had contact with several men associated with Catullus, who very likely knew Lesbia's true identity. They include Helvius Cinna, Pollio, Nepos, Varro and even Cicero himself. Moreover, scholars agree that the repeated word pulcher, meaning "pretty", in Catullus's poem 79 is a pun on Clodius's cognomen, Pulcher.
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As described in a film magazine, Lawrence Van Huyler (Farnum), being constantly goaded by his family regarding his prestige, finds it impossible to be anything but very polite and a perfect cad. Any demonstrations are quickly nipped in the bud by his father Peter Van Huyler (Montague). The tearing down of an old house, for generations the home of the Van Huylers, reveals the secret of the family name. Lawrence is delighted to find that he is Irish, the paternal cognomen having been O'Malley.
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A Roman citizen of Neapolis (Nabeul, Tunisia) with a daughter in Pax Iulia (Beja, Portugal) countryside, declares himself an incola of BALSA! '. The level of Romanisation in BALSA can also be inferred from the known personal names (39 men and 16 women): 58% have tria nomina or are women with Latin dua nomina. 71% have a Roman nomen and the remaining 27% a single cognomen, these being mostly Greek names. Native name words in all forms (Celtic or Turdetanian) are a small minority (9%).
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11; Livy xl.45. As a general principle, the only ones eligible for the office of censor were those who had previously been consuls, but there were a few exceptions. At first, there was no law to prevent a person being censor twice, but the only person who was elected to the office twice was Gaius Marcius Rutilus in 265 BC. In that year, he originated a law stating that no one could be elected censor twice. In consequence of this, he received the cognomen of Censorinus.
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Dionysius iv.15; Livy xliii.14. First he had to give his full name (praenomen, nomen, and cognomen) and that of his father, or if he were a Libertus ("freedman") that of his patron, and he was likewise obliged to state his age. He was then asked, "You, declaring from your heart, do you have a wife?" and if married he had to give the name of his wife, and likewise the number, names, and ages of his children, if any.Gell. iv.20; Cicero de Oratore ii.
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Before Romans entered the territory of present-day Portugal, the native people identified themselves by a single name, or that name followed by a patronym. The names could be Celtic (Mantaus), Lusitanian (Casae), Iberian (Sunua) or Conii (Alainus). The names were clearly ethnic and some typical of a tribe or region. A slow adoption of the Roman onomastic occurred after the end of the first century AD, with the adoption of a Roman name or of the tria nomina: praenomen (given name), nomen (gentile) and cognomen.
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The first of the family known to history bore the surname Auruncus, suggesting some connection with the Aurunci, a people who lived to the southeast of Latium. Whether the cognomen should be interpreted as meaning that the family migrated from there to Rome under the kings, or whether the consul of 501 BC acquired it as a personal surname is unknown. A member of the family during the time of Augustus bore the surname Pedarius. A variety of personal surnames appears under the Empire.
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The most likely interpretation of the evidence of the coins is that Domitianus was involved in the officers' coup that overthrew Victorinus and managed to secure temporary control of one of the Gallic mints. It is thus more likely that he was suppressed by Tetricus I than by the central Roman Emperor Aurelian as the Zosimus reference would appear to suggest. The use of the cognomen alone in the Imperial title is sufficiently unusual to raise questions about the circumstances in which the coins were produced.
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During the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC), the League flirted with the idea of an alliance with Perseus, and the Romans punished it by taking several hostages to ensure good behavior, including Polybius, the Hellenistic historian who wrote about the rise of the Roman Empire. In 146 BC, the league erupted into open revolt against Roman domination. The Romans under Lucius Mummius defeated the Achaeans, razed Corinth and dissolved the league. Lucius Mummius received the cognomen Achaicus ("conqueror of Achaea") for his role. .
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The current head of Urasenke is the sixteenth generation, Sen Sōshitsu XVI, who is distinguished by his cognomen, Zabōsai. The kanji character for sō, 宗, in the hereditary name may be interpreted to mean "family core". Like the head of Urasenke, the heads of other schools of Japanese tea ceremony also have hereditary names beginning with this kanji character. For example, the head of the Omotesenke school traditionally carries the name Sōsa, written 宗左, and the head of the Mushakōjisenke school is Sōshu, 宗守.
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The nomen Scantinius belongs to a common class of gentilicia formed using the suffix -inius. Such names were typically derived from surnames ending in -inus, but this type was so common that -inius came to be regarded as a regular gentile- forming suffix, and was applied even in cases where there was no morphological justification. There is no evidence of a corresponding cognomen Scantinus, so the name was probably formed directly from Scantius, another gentile name. The similar nomen Scandilius was probably formed in the same manner.
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Titus Desticius Juba was a Roman governor of Britain between 253 and 258. Anthony Birley writes that Desticius Juba "is the latest known instance of a consular governor of Upper Britain, and indeed of any consular governor with senatorial legates and legions under him."Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 178 Desticius Juba likely had his origins at Concordia in northern Italy, where numerous inscriptions have been found attesting to "Desticii, with the praenomen Titus, and several with the cognomen Juba".
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As a minimum, a Roman agnomen is a name attached to an individual's full titulature after birth and formal naming by the family. True Roman nicknames, fully replacing the individual's name in usage, are rare. One such example where the nickname fully replaced the individual's name in usage was the Emperor Caligula, where that name was used in place of, and not along with, his full name, which was Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus. Caligula's praenomen was Gaius, his nomen Julius, his cognomen Caesar.
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Some agnomina were inherited like cognomen were, thus establishing a sub-family. Caligula's agnomen came from the little boots he wore as part of his miniature soldier's uniform while accompanying his father Germanicus on campaigns in northern Germania. In turn, Germanicus received his agnomen in 9 BC, when it was posthumously awarded to his father Nero Claudius Drusus in honour of his Germanic victories. At birth, Germanicus had been known as either Nero Claudius Drusus after his father or Tiberius Claudius Nero after his uncle.
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The most illustrious family of the Pactumeii used the cognomina Clemens, Fronto, and Magnus, of which Clemens, meaning "gentle" or "mild", seems to have been the original surname. This family was descended from a Publius Pactumeius, who evidently lived in Africa. Both of his sons were named Quintus, but were distinguished by their cognomina, the elder retaining Clemens, while the younger son assumed the surname Fronto, originally designating someone with a prominent forehead. A later generation of the family bore the cognomen Magnus, meaning "great".
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Paul's persecution towards non-Chalcedonians earned him the cognomen, "the Jew". He ordered non-Chalcedonian monks on the fringe of the Syrian Desert to sign a declaration of acceptance of the Council of Chalcedon, and those who failed to do so were threatened with removal from their monasteries. The majority of monks refused to accept the council, and thus Paul had the army led by Asclepius sent to dislocate the monks. The resulting violence led Emperor Justin to depose Paul in 521, who died shortly afterwards.
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As a young military tribune, he defeated a giant Gaul in single combat in one of the most famous duels of the Republic, which earned him the cognomen Torquatus after the torque he took from the Gaul's body. He was also known for his moral virtues, especially his severity as he had his own son executed after he had disobeyed his orders in a battle. His life was seen as a model for his descendants, who tried to emulate his heroic deeds, even centuries after his death.
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Tagtsepa Lhagyal Rabten was descended from a noble family that resided in the Tagtse Castle to the east of Lhasa, at the right bank of the Kyichu River. For that reason he carried the cognomen Tagtsené (Stag-rtse-nas) or Taktsepa (Stag-rtse-pa), both meaning "the one of Tagtse". He served in the Tibetan administration before and after the power grab of Lhabzang Khan in 1705. He is described as an obese person with skull-like pale face, toothless mouth and an unclear, stammering speech.
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The Gordian dynasty was founded by Gordian I, the governor of Africa Proconsularis (Roman Africa). Gordian I was said to be related to prominent senators of his time, and his praenomen and nomen Marcus Antonius suggest his ancestors became citizens under the Triumvir Mark Antony, or one of his daughters, during the late Roman Republic. Gordian's cognomen Gordianus indicates that his family origins were originally from Anatolia, in the region of Galatia or Cappadocia. alt=A map of Europe showing the Roman Empire in red.
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The inscriptions of the Istacidii at Pompeii suggest that they constituted a single family, together with their freedmen. Several inscriptions of this gens do not include a cognomen, and none of the surnames of this gens appear to have been hereditary. Cilix, a surname originally applied to someone from Cilicia, gives the appearance of the type of name belonging to a freedman, and indicating his place of origin; but as it belonged to one of the duumviri, it may instead have stemmed from his trading connections.
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Vitellius was the first to add the honorific cognomen Germanicus to his name instead of Caesar upon his accession. Like his direct predecessor, Otho, Vitellius attempted to rally public support to his cause by honoring and imitating Nero who remained widely popular in the empire. His claim to the throne was soon challenged by legions stationed in the eastern provinces, who proclaimed their commander Vespasian emperor instead. War ensued, leading to a crushing defeat for Vitellius at the Second Battle of Bedriacum in northern Italy.
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The nomen Oscius appears to be derived from the cognomen Oscus, referring to one of the Osci, an Italic people closely related to the Sabines and the Samnites, who gave their name to the Oscan language. This is supported by the fact that some of the Oscii known from inscriptions lived in Sabinum and neighboring parts of Latium, and by the fact that one of the Oscii bore the praenomen Statius, a common name among the Oscan-speaking peoples of Italy.Chase, pp. 137, 138.
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Magnus, meaning "great" in Latin, was used as cognomen of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus in the first century BCE. The best-known use of the name during the Roman Empire is for the fourth-century Western Roman Emperor Flavius Magnus Maximus Augustus, often just called Magnus Maximus. The name gained wider popularity in the Middle Ages among various European peoples and their royal houses, being introduced to them upon being converted to the Latin-speaking Catholic Christianity. This was especially the case with Scandinavian royalty and nobility.
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Upon the ascension of his son-in-law, Ananta Manikya, to the throne in 1563, Gopi Prasad expanded his already extensive power, keeping the new king completely under his control. This arrangement proved to be short-lived, when, in 1567, Ananta died under uncertain circumstances. According to differing versions of the Rajmala, this was either the result of a fever or through strangulation on Gopi Prasad's orders. Regardless, the latter subsequently claimed royal power and adopted the regnal name Udai Manikya, assuming the erstwhile ruling dynasty's cognomen.
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He was given the cognomen 'Diadematus' because of the bandage he wore on a head wound. He was consul in 117 BC, and promoted infrastructural improvement in Italy. A conservative aristocrat like his father, he probably opposed Gaius Gracchus. The third brother was Marcus Caecilius Metellus. He was mint master in 127 BC, praetor by 118 BC, and consul in 115 BC. Marcus was given the proconsular command in Corsica and Sardinia from 114 BC to 111 BC, and triumphed for his victory there.
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Coin issued by Hari Singh, minted in Peshawar. Dated 1837 During a hunt in 1804, a tiger attacked him and also killed his horse. His fellow hunters attempted to protect him but he refused their offers and allegedly killed the tiger by himself bare handedly by tearing the tiger apart from its mouth, thus earning the cognomen Baghmar (Tiger-killer). Whether he was by that time already serving in the military is unknown but he was commissioned as Sardar, commanding 800 horses and footmen, in that year.
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Lievens was born in Dendermonde (County of Flanders) in 1546 or 1547, the son of Nicolas Lievens and Clara Vander Beke (sister to Laevinus Torrentius). Although not born in Ghent, he sometimes used the cognomen Gandensis, as both his parents were from that city. He was educated first in Ghent and later at the Jesuit college in Cologne, before attending the University of Leuven. On 16 July 1573 he was awarded a canonry at St Peter's Church, Liège, exchanging it for one at Antwerp Cathedral in 1588.
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Although he is by far the most famous Hannibal, when further clarification is necessary he is usually referred to as "Hannibal, son of Hamilcar", or Hannibal the Barcid, the latter term applying to the family of his father, Hamilcar Barca. Barca (, ) is a Semitic cognomen meaning "lightning" or "thunderbolt", a surname acquired by Hamilcar on account of the swiftness and ferocity of his attacks.S. Lancel, Hannibal p.6. Although they did not inherit the surname from their father, Hamilcar's progeny are collectively known as the Barcids.
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The name gave rise to the patronymic gens Aulia, and perhaps also to gens Avilia and the cognomen Avitus. The name was usually abbreviated A., but occasionally Av. or Avl.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & MythologyGeorge Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897) For most of Roman history, Aulus was one of the ten most common praenomina, being less common than Titus, the sixth most common praenomen, and comparable in frequency to Gnaeus, Spurius, and Sextus.
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His relief of Messana obtained him the cognomen Messalla, which remained in the family for nearly 800 years. To commemorate his Sicilian victory, he arranged for it to be pictorially represented on the wall of the Curia Hostilia, the first example of an historical fresco at Rome. He is also said to have brought the first sundial from Catana to Rome, where it was set up on a column in the forum. Messalla was censor in 252 BC, when he degraded 400 equites to aerarians for neglect of duty in Sicily.
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Happy with his new cognomen Hrólfr gave Vöggr a golden ring, and Vöggr swore to avenge Hrólfr if anyone should kill him. Hrólfr and his company were then attacked by a troll in the shape of a boar in the service of Aðils, but Hrólfr's dog Gram killed it. They then found out that Aðils had set the hall on fire, and so they broke out of the hall, only to find themselves surrounded by heavily armed warriors in the street. After a fight, king Aðils retreated to summon reinforcements.
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Among them the Praestamarci, Supertamarci, Nerii, Artabri, and in general all people living by the seashore except for the Grovi of southern Galicia and northern Portugal: 'Totam Celtici colunt, sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi, fluuntque per eos Avo, Celadus, Nebis, Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est Limia. Flexus ipse Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam. Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant, perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non-longe orta decurrunt, Tamaris secundum Ebora portum, Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem. Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi.
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According to Boileau, > In some texts, Wu Xian senior is described as being in charge of the > divination using [shi ] achilea. He was apparently made a high god in the > kingdom of Qin during the Warring States period. The Tang subcommentary > interprets the character wu of Wu Xian father and son as being a cognomen, > the name of the clan from which the two Xian came. It is possible that in > fact the text referred to two Shang ministers, father and son, coming from > the same eponymous territory wu.
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Paullus is the Latin word for small. Chase believed that the name was originally a cognomen that was occasionally used as a praenomen, but this opinion seems inconsistent with the usual practice, and the frequency with which the feminine form of the name was used as a praenomen. Most, if not all praenomina had both masculine and feminine forms. The prominence of Paulla at all periods of Roman history seems to indicate that Paullus was originally a praenomen which had fallen out of general use, but which was still used from time to time.
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Marcus () is a Latin praenomen, or personal name, which was one of the most common names throughout Roman history. The feminine form is Marca or Marcia. The praenomen was used by both patrician and plebeian families, and gave rise to the patronymic gens Marcia, as well as the cognomen Marcellus. It was regularly abbreviated M.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & MythologyRealencyclopädie der Classischen AltertumswissenschaftMika Kajava, Roman Female Praenomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women (1994) At all periods of Roman history, Marcus was the third-most popular praenomen, trailing only Lucius and Gaius.
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A story of the Roman wars against the Gauls of the 4th century BC, recorded by Livy, Aulus Gellius and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, may preserve a reference to her. A Roman soldier, Marcus Valerius, accepted a challenge to single combat with a Gaulish champion. When the fight began, a crow landed on Valerius's helmet and began to attack the Gaul, who, terrified by this divine intervention, was easily beaten. Valerius adopted the cognomen "Corvus" (crow), and as Marcus Valerius Corvus went on to be a famous general and politician of the Roman Republic.
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None of the Haterii of the Republic are mentioned with a surname, but Agrippa and Antoninus are found in Imperial times. They do not seem to represent distinct branches of the family, as Decimus Haterius Agrippa was the son of the senator Quintus Haterius; if his father also bore the cognomen, it is not found in surviving records. Quintus Haterius Antoninus was probably the son of Agrippa. Valerius Maximus, who wrote during the age of Tiberius, relates an anecdote concerning a certain Haterius Rufus, but without sufficient information to guess when he lived.
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Since the Middle Ages, authors of agricultural treatises have referred often to Palladius. The Palladii were a prominent Gallic family, and the name Palladius is probably a family name (of Greek origin), with Aemilianus his cognomen (of Roman origin). In Late Antiquity, the convention of the tria nomina ("three names") for Roman men was no longer standard, and the greater variation in naming practice contributes to the uncertainty over the correct order of his names.Alan Cameron, "Polyonomy in the Late Roman Aristocracy: The Case of Petronius Probus," Journal of Roman Studies 75 (1985), pp.
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In the entry entitled "Paradigmata" in his study, "'The Written' as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly", John W McGinley gives an accounting of how this name functions in the Bavli's version of "four entered pardes".McGinley, John W; "The Written" as the Vocation of Conceiving Jewishly. . The entry "Paradigmatia" gives an accounting of the meaning of "Metatron" as it is used in the Bavli's version of "four entered pardes". This account maintains that "Ishmael ben Elisha" is a rabbinically sanctioned cognomen for Elisha ben Abbuyah (the "Akher" of the Bavli's account).
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The third element in his name, "Ambibulus", is a cognomen Ronald Syme describes as "peculiar and uncommon"; he could only count five examples of its use in inscriptions found at Rome, and one more in North Africa.Syme, "Three Ambivii", Classical Quarterly, 36, No (1986) p. 275 Obviously the fourth and fifth elements in his name come from his mother. Edmund Groag suggested that the last three elements in his name may be due to a testamentary adoption by the suffect consul of the year 98, Lucius Maecius Postumus.
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The historian Titus Livius does not assign him a cognomen, but the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology indicates that he was one of the Atinii Labeones. He does not appear to have been the same man as Gaius Atinius Labeo, praetor peregrinus in 195 BC, nor the same as Gaius Atinius Labeo, praetor in Sicilia in 190. He may have been a brother of the Marcus Atinius who was slain in Gaul while serving as praefectus socium under Sempronius in 194.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, Editor.
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The different ancient sources covering the year 430 BC are in disagreement in regards to the identity of both the consuls and the censors of this year. The two consuls are traditionally identified as Gaius Papirius Crassus and Lucius Julius Iulus, the praenomens varies between sources. Cicero names them Publius Papirius and Gaius Julius; Diodorus names them Gaius Papirius and Lucius Junius; and Cassiodorus names them Lucius Papirius and Lucius Julius. The majority of our other sources do not specify a praenomen and only give the cognomen of Crassus and Iulus.
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Caelius may appear in the poetry of Catullus under his cognomen Rufus. Rufus in Carmen 69 and 77 as suggested by Riese to be Caelius, rejected by Robinson Ellis.Robinson Ellis, A commentary on Catullus, lix, note 1 Catullus writes about a former friend named Rufus who betrayed him in an unspecified way, perhaps referring to the affair with Clodia (usually identified with the loved then reviled "Lesbia" of Catullus's poetry), the alleged attempt of Caelius to poison her, or subsequent attacks on her through Cicero (see pro Caelio).E. T. Merrill, Commentary on Catullus, Intr.
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The only persons known to have borne this cognomen also bore that of Brutus, and therefore may have belonged to that family, rather than a distinct stirps of the Junia gens. If so, the Bubulci were the only members of the family to use the praenomen Gaius. They appear in history during the Second Samnite War, at the same time as the other Junii Bruti emerge from two centuries of obscurity, with the agnomen Scaeva. This suggests that the family may have split into two distinct branches about this time.
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One side-effect of this unique arrangement was that it became customary to refer to noblemen by both their family name and their coat of arms/clan name. For example: Jan Zamoyski herbu Jelita means Jan Zamoyski of the clan Jelita. From the 15th to the 17th century, the formula seems to copy the ancient Roman naming convention with the classic tria nomina used by the Patricians: praenomen (or given name), nomen gentile (or gens/Clan name) and cognomen (surname), following the Renaissance fashion. Thus, Jan Jelita Zamoyski, forming a double-barrelled name (nazwisko złożone).
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Cicero writesCicero, De finibus 2.55 of a P. Sextilius RufusOn the cognomen and voting tribe of P. Sextilius, see T.P. Wiseman, New Men in the Roman Senate (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 261. who claimed he was bound by his oath of office to follow the Lex Voconia in depriving a young woman of her inheritance. E. Badian has argued that this was the P. Sextilius who became governor of Africa and dates his praetorship to 92.Broughton had dated the praetorship to 89 or 88 in MRR2 (1952); in vol.
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The senator Publius Albius, known from a decree of the Roman Senate dating to 129 BC, bore no surname; under the Republic many plebeian families had no hereditary cognomina. The surname Oppianicus, known from the family of Larinum, indicates that this family may previously have lived at Rome, presumably acquiring the cognomen from some association with the Oppian Hill; but their use of the praenomen Statius suggests that they were natives of Samnium. Pollio, borne by the consul of AD 90, was a common surname of Latin origin, and originally indicated a polisher.Chase, p. 111.
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The only cognomen associated with any of the Aulii is Cerretanus. This surname seems to belong to a class of names derived from various peoples, in this case a tribe known as the Cerretani; but the only Cerretani known from historical times were an Iberian tribe. In this instance, Cerretanus seems more likely to be an orthographic variant of Caeretanus, referring to an inhabitant of the Etruscan city of Caere, or perhaps someone who had lived along the river Caeretanus, the modern Vaccina, which flows into the Tyrrhenian Sea below Caere.Chase, pp. 113–114.
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The legion took part in the final stage of the Roman conquest of Hispania, participating in Augustus' major war against the Cantabrians, from 29 BC to 19 BC, that brought all of the Iberian Peninsula under Roman rule. The legion stayed in Spain for nearly a century and received the surname Hispaniensis, founding the city of Legio (modern-day León). Soldiers of this unit and X Gemina numbered among the first settlers of Caesaraugusta, what became modern-day Zaragoza. The cognomen Victrix (Victorious) dates back to the reign of Nero.
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Claudus appeared in the beginning of the third century, but was rapidly replaced by Flamininus, which derived from flamen, and also gave rise to the gens Flaminia. This cognomen was likely adopted by the descendants of Lucius Quinctius, who was Flamen Dialis during the third quarter of the third century BC.Münzer, Roman Aristocratic Parties and Families, pp. 110, 117. The family remained prominent over the next century; their most famous member was Titus Quinctius Flamininus, who defeated Philip V of Macedon in 197 BC.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol.
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Its charter was granted by Prince John in 1185. Cork city was once fully walled, and the remnants of the old medieval town centre can be found around South and North Main streets. The third largest city by population on the island of Ireland, the city's cognomen of "the rebel city" originates in its support for the Yorkist cause in the Wars of the Roses. Corkonians sometimes refer to the city as "the real capital", a reference to its opposition to the Anglo-Irish Treaty in the Irish Civil War.
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Marcus Manlius Capitolinus Vulso was a consul or consular tribune of the Roman republic in 434 BC.Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic, 1951, vol i, pp.61-62 Manlius belonged to the patrician Manlia gens. Manlius is the first named member of the branch within the gens known as the Manlii Capitolini, who commonly held the cognomen of Capitolinus and/or Vulso. Filiation tell us that Manlius had a father named Publius Manlius, but as no Publius Manlius is known to us during this period the identity of this Publius remains unknown.
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Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo (135 – 87 BC) was a Roman general and politician, who served as consul in 89 BC. He is often referred to in English as Pompey Strabo, to distinguish him from his son, the famous Pompey the Great, or from Strabo the geographer. Strabo's cognomen means "cross eyed". He lived in the Roman Republic and was born and raised into a noble family in Picenum (in the south and the north of the modern regions of Marche and Abruzzo respectively) in Central Italy, on the Adriatic Coast. Strabo's mother was called Lucilia.
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An agnomen (; plural: agnomina), in the Roman naming convention, was a nickname, just as the cognomen was initially. However, the cognomina eventually became family names, so agnomina were needed to distinguish between similarly named persons. However, as the agnomen was an additional and optional component in a Roman name, not all Romans had an agnomen (at least not one that is recorded). Pseudo-Probus uses the hero of the Punic Wars, Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, as an example: Marius Victorinus further elucidates: Africanus, Creticus and the likes are also known as victory titles.
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Plan The Rumelihisarı fortification has one small tower, three main towers, and thirteen small watchtowers placed on the walls connecting the main towers. One watchtower is in the form of a quadrangular prism, six watchtowers are shaped as prisms with multiple corners, and six others are cylindrical. The main tower in the north, Sarıca Pasha Tower, is cylindrical in form, with a diameter of , walls that are thick, and a total of 9 stories reaching a height of . Today, this tower is also known as Fatih ("Conqueror") Tower after Sultan Mehmed II's cognomen.
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The great majority of nomina ending in -anius were derived from place-names or cognomina ending in -anus. Such gentilicia were frequently, although not exclusively, of Umbrian origin. There is also an old Latin cognomen of frequent occurrence, Pedo, referring to someone with broad feet, which could have given rise to a similar nomen, although in this case Pedonius would be the expected form. However, Pedonius is not attested, nor are there clear examples of a surname Pedanus, so Pedo as the root of Pedanius remains a strong possibility.
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Although a nomen would long be required for official purposes, and, in isolated corners of the empire and in parts of Italy, its usage would persist into the seventh century, the nomen was generally omitted from the name (even of emperors) by the third century. Two factors encouraged its frequent non-use. Firstly, the cognomen increasingly became the distinguishing name and general name of address. As a result, "New Romans" and, under their influence, "old Romans" too, either dropped the nomen from their name or, in some cases, treated the nomen as a praenomen.
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The Sicinii do not seem to have been divided into distinct branches, and most of those mentioned in history bore no cognomen. Of those that do appear, Vellutus or Bellutus seems to be derived from vellus, wool, and must have designated someone with conspicuously abundant or wooly hair.New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. vellutus. Sabinus referred to a Sabine, presumably referring either to a tradition that the Sicinii were of Sabine extraction, or that the individual to whom the surname was first applied had the characteristic habits or appearance of a Sabine.
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The main praenomina of the Sellii were Lucius and Gaius, the two most common names throughout all periods of Roman history. Other names regularly used by this gens included Sextus, Marcus, Publius, and Quintus, all of which were also quite common. Occurring less frequently were names such as Aulus, Decimus, and Titus. There seems to be one instance of Paullus used as a praenomen by one of the Sellii; although it was an old praenomen, by the late Republic and in Imperial times it was generally regarded as a cognomen.
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313 Although his name clearly demonstrates polyonymy, it does not appear in Olli Salomies' monograph on those names. Nevertheless, the most common form of polyonymic names would lead one to suspect Messalinus was adopted by a member of the Ulpii, likely named "Gaius Ulpius Pacatus"; an alternative explanation is that "Gaius Ulpius Pacatus" may be his maternal grandfather. A third item of interest is his cognomen "Messalinus", which suggests a connection to one branch of the gens Valeria. The cursus honorum of Messalinus is imperfectly known; besides his consulate, only two imperial appointments are known.
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He first engaged in agriculture, then in business, and then entered the Austrian army, rising to the rank of first lieutenant. In 1847 he founded in Vienna Das Fremdenblatt, a periodical that became the official organ of the Austrian Foreign Office. In 1867 he was made a member of the Order of the Iron Crown 3rd class and, as provided by the statutes of this order, made a hereditary knight within the Austrian Nobility. In 1870 he was elevated to the rank of Freiherr, with the cognomen Geldern, his mother's family name.
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This family was prominent for a few decades, beginning around the start of the Second Punic War. Rutilus, or "reddish", usually referred to the color of someone's hair, and it marks a family that first appears in the early second century BC. A diminutive of Rufus, red, it may have belonged to the same family that later bore that surname. The cognomen Musca refers to a fly, a nickname might allude to someone's hight, in contrast to Longus, or could refer to a person's persistence.Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, s.v.v.
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A reformed Joachim II receives the Eucharist under both kinds, the Bread and the Cup, in St. Nicholas' Church in Spandau. Joachim II ( or Hektor; 13 January 1505 – 3 January 1571) was a Prince-elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1535–1571), the sixth member of the House of Hohenzollern. Joachim II was the eldest son of Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg and his wife Elizabeth of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. He received the cognomen Hector after the Trojan prince and warrior for his qualities and prowess.
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His life was cut short at about the same age as that of his father, 24, and the historical detail behind his posthumous cognomen is described in the contemporary text of Adolf Armbruster (Dacoromano-Saxonica, p. 198). The account indicates that, following a prolonged banquet, at which, as customary, large quantities of alcoholic beverages were served, Vlad mounted his horse for a ride in the direction of Dâmboviţa River in which, near the village of Popeşti, south of Bucharest, he drowned. His burial at the Deal Monastery was arranged by his mother.
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While many scholars have interpreted the cognomen "Sakkas" as indicating he was a porter in his youth,Mozley, J.R., "Ammonius Saccas", Dictionary of Early Christian Biography, (Henry WAce, ed.), John Murrary & Co., London, 1911; LSJ sv. σακκᾶς others have asserted that this is a misreading of "Sakkas" for "sakkophoros" (porter) which is grammatically incorrect and/or have connected the moniker with the "Śākyas," an ancient ruling clan of India.[William H. McNeill: The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community, pp. 380][E. Seeberg, "Ammonius Sakas" Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, vol.
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Tullus Cloelius or Cluilius, called Cloelius Tullus in some sources,Cluilius is the ancient form of the nomen Cloelius, while Tullus is an ancient praenomen, which had fallen into disuse by the later Republic, but was commonly used as a cognomen, or surname. For this reason, his name is frequently found as Cloelius Tullus, without a praenomen, which is unusual during this period of Roman history. In his Philippics, Cicero gives his name as Tullus Cluilius, apparently preserving the name in its original form. was a Roman envoy to Fidenae.
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Rabbi Alexandri (Talmudic Aramaic: ) is the name of one or more amoraim. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, there were probably two amoraim of this name, living in the first and third generations of amoraim.Jewish Encyclopedia, Alexandri Since their names are unaccompanied either by patronymic or cognomen; and as both were Palestinians, and both cultivated the field of aggadah, it is impossible to distinguish their respective teachings except in a few instances. However, according to Aharon Heimann there was only one Alexandri, who lived in the second to third generation of amoraim.
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Nałęcz from the Dąbrowski manor in Michałowice, Michałowice rural administrative district, Kraków county, Lesser Poland province, POLAND. See: Szlachta: Origins of szlachta surnames. The Polish state paralleled the Roman Empire in that full rights of citizenship were limited to the nobility/szlachta. The Polish nobility/szlachta in Poland, where Latin was written and spoken far and wide, used the Roman naming convention of the tria nomina (praenomen, nomen, and cognomen) to distinguish Polish citizens/nobles/szlachta from the peasantry and foreigners, hence why so many surnames are associated with the Radwan coat of arms.
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Helgi appears to be the son of Sigmund and Borghild, and only fifteen years old he avenges his father by slaying Hunding, the king of the Saxons. This gives him the cognomen Hunding's bane. He continues with his warlike feats and one day, as he stands aboard his longship, he is visited by a valkyrie named Sigrún, who can ride through the air and over the sea and who knows well about his feats. She embraces him and kisses him, and he immediately falls in love with her.
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Under the supervision of matchmaker Teddy Brenner, the arena became known as the "House of Upsets" for its competitive matches."Eastern Parkway Arena Rates 'House Of Upsets' Cognomen", United Press in Sarasota Herald-Tribune, January 31, 1953.Murray Rose, "Gene Smith Is Victim Of Parkway House Of Upsets", Associated Press in The Day, April 7, 1953. Brenner used the arena to feature young fighters such as Bobo Olson, Gene Fullmer, Walter Cartier, and most notably Floyd Patterson,Jerry Kirshenbaum, "Boxing's Great White Hoopla", Sports Illustrated, July 21, 1969.
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A gifted athlete and top student in high school, he had to forgo completing college due to the economic pressures of the Great Depression, even though he was offered partial athletic scholarships by two colleges, Notre Dame and Catholic University, in swimming and boxing. He briefly attended Tri-State College in Angola, Indiana, having to leave for financial reasons.Attended Tri-State College in "Boxer Abrams Bares Patriotic Cognomen", The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, Brooklyn, New York, pg. 15, 26 June 1939Blady, Ken, The Jewish Boxer's Hall of Fame (1988) Shapolsky Publishers, Inc.
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The practice of using middle names dates back to ancient Rome, where it was common for members of the elite to have a praenomen (a personal name), a nomen (a family name, not exactly used the way middle names are used today), and a cognomen (a name representing an individual attribute or the specific branch of a person's family). Middle names eventually fell out of use, but regained popularity in Europe during the nineteenth century. Besides first, middle, and last names, individuals may also have nicknames, aliases, or titles.
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Servilius was the younger son of Gaius Servilius Geminus, praetor about 220 BC, and grandson of Publius Servilius Geminus, consul in 252. The Servilii Gemini were a branch of an old and distinguished patrician family, but either Gaius or his sons went over to the plebeians, for reasons that are not entirely clear. Servilius' elder brother, Gaius, was tribune of the plebs in 211 BC, consul in 203, and dictator in 202. Servilius' additional surname, Pulex, refers to a flea, but the circumstances of this cognomen are not mentioned in any source.
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Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, s. v. Orfitus. An Oscan origin for the family would seem to be supported by the fact that Marcus Orfius was a native of Atella in Campania.Cicero, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, ii. 14. The same root would seem to have given rise to the surname Orfitus, found in a number of families, notably the Salvidieni and Cornelii, in imperial times, and to the nomen Orfidius, formed either directly from the cognomen, or perhaps from Orfius using the suffix -idius, sometimes used to form new gentilicia from existing names.
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According to Ronald Syme, he acquired his unusual cognomen Sospes ("safe and sound") most probably from an event during his childhood.Syme, "The Enigmatic Sospes", Journal of Roman Studies, 67 (1977), p. 44 His father Lucius Caesennius Paetus, consul in 61, had been surprised by the Parthian advance in the Roman–Parthian War. While retreating before the enemy, Paetus had sent his wife and Lucius Caesennius (Syme estimates he was four years of age at the time) to safety in the fortress of Arsamosata; for a while the Parthians besieged the fortress.
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Livy, 4.17.1-2 Statues of the ambassadors were set up in the rostra at the public's expense.Livy, 4.17.6 This began the second war between Rome and Veii, which would mark the first that Rome would defeat the army of king Tolumnius on their side of the river Anio, but with heavy losses. For his accomplishments in the war, Sergius earned the cognomen Fidenas.Livy, 4.17.7-9 In 433 BC, Sergius was elected military tribune with consular power alongside Marcus Fabius Vibulanus and Marcus Folius Flaccinator.; Livy, 4.25.2 That year saw a pestilence.Livy, 4.25.
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The only clue to the origins of the Obellii is an inscription from Samnium, naming Saluta Obellia, daughter of Ovius. Both Saluta and Ovius are Oscan names, and several other Obellii are mentioned in inscriptions from Samnium, suggesting that the Obellii were Samnites, or at least of Oscan origin. The nomen Obellius might be derived from a cognomen Ovillus, from an adjective that means "pertaining to sheep", suggesting that an ancestor of the family was a shepherd. Another possibility is that Obellius could be a variation on the Oscan name Ofilius or Ofellius.
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The feminine form is Tulla. The name is not usually abbreviated, but is sometimes found with the abbreviation Tul.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & MythologyRealencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft The praenomen Tullus is best known from Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome. Other examples include Attius Tullus, a Volscian leader, in which Tullus is either a cognomen or an inverted praenomen; Tullus Cloelius, a Roman envoy, Tullus Cluvius, mentioned by the orator Marcus Tullius Cicero in the 1st century BC, and a father and son from gens Tullia who lived at Tibur.
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This family flourished from the early years of the Republic down to the Samnite Wars, when the cognomen seems to have been replaced by Flaccus, a surname first borne by one of the Potiti, who must have been flabby or had floppy ears. Potitus was later revived as a praenomen by the Valerii Messallae, a practice that was common in aristocratic families toward the end of the Republic. As a distinct family, the Valerii Flacci continued down to the first century AD.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p.
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Happy with his new cognomen Hrólfr gave Vöggr a golden ring, and Vöggr swore to avenge Hrólfr if anyone should kill him. Hrólfr and his company were then attacked by a troll in the shape of a boar in the service of Aðils, but Hrólfr's dog Gram killed it. They then found out that Aðils had set the hall on fire, and so they broke out of the hall, only to find themselves surrounded by heavily armed warriors in the street. After a fight, king Aðils retreated to summon reinforcements.
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The only distinct family of the Sarii is known from an inscription at Corfinium in Samnium. Two of them, a father and son, bore the surname Felix, happy or fortunate, while a daughter bore a diminutive, Felicula, and a second son bore the cognomen Justinus. The latter is a derivative of Justus, just, and was apparently inherited from the mother of the family, Pontia Justina. Other surnames found among the Sarii include Celer, swift, Secundus, traditionally given to a second child, and Surus, a Syrian, perhaps indicating the origin of the freedman who bore it.
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Bostock also claimed that Teach had questioned him about the movements of local ships, but also that he had seemed unsurprised when Bostock told him of an expected royal pardon from London for all pirates. Bostock's deposition describes Teach as a "tall spare man with a very black beard which he wore very long". It is the first recorded account of Teach's appearance and is the source of his cognomen, Blackbeard. Later descriptions mention that his thick black beard was braided into pigtails, sometimes tied in with small coloured ribbons.
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Sporus derives from the ancient Greek word σπορά spora, meaning "seed, sowing," related to σπόρος sporos, "sowing," and σπείρειν speirein, "to sow." In all references about this story, he is always called Sporus, a male name, when the female would be Spora. According to the Roman naming conventions, he would gain the nomen and praenomen of his former master retaining his former name as a cognomen. In that case, assuming that it was Nero who freed him (which is not clear), his full name would be Nero Claudius Sporus (after Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus).
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Also before his consulate Proculus was made a fetial and admitted to the Quindecimviri sacris faciundis, the Roman priesthood entrusted with the care of the Sibylline oracles. His career after his consulate is disputed. A fragmentary inscription from Larinum, where most of the name of the subject is missing, nevertheless attests someone enjoyed a second consulate; the priesthoods, the governorship in Lugdunensis, and serving as a monetalis listed in this inscription, combined with the last portion of the subject's cognomen has convinced experts to identify the honorand as Gaius Julius Proculus.Birley, "Hadrian and Greek Senators", p.
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6: 'The name of the province is Achaia.... It is so spelled in good manuscripts of [Tacitus, Suetonius, and Seneca] and all Latin inscriptions.'Barrington Atlas, map 100 (, Akhaia; ), was a province of the Roman Empire, consisting of the Peloponnese, Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, the Cyclades and parts of Phthiotis, Aetolia-Acarnania and Phocis. In the north, it bordered on the provinces of Epirus vetus and Macedonia. The region was annexed by the Roman Republic in 146 BC following the sack of Corinth by the Roman general Lucius Mummius, who was awarded the cognomen "Achaicus" ("conqueror of Achaea").
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During the time of the Republic, we meet with only two branches of this gens, the Ahenobarbi and Calvini, and with the exception of a few unknown personages mentioned in isolated passages of Cicero, there is none without a cognomen. Calvinus, the name of the oldest family of the Domitii, is derived from the Latin adjective calvus, meaning "bald." The lengthened form, Calvinus is a diminutive, generally translated as "baldish", although it could also refer to the descendants of someone who had borne the surname Calvus. Such names belong to a common class of cognomina derived from a person's physical features.
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Saevius Nicanor () is mentioned by Suetonius as the first grammarian who acquired fame and honour as a teacher among the Romans. He probably lived in the 3rd or 2nd century BCE. He was the author of commentaries, the greater portion of which was said to have been suppressed (intercepta dicitur), and of a satire where he declares himself to have been a freedman; and to have been distinguished by a double cognomen: > Sevius Nicanor Marci libertus negabit: > Sevius Nicanor Pothos idem ac Marcus docebit. > Saevius Nicanor, freedman of Marcus, will deny > he's the same person as Saevius Pothos, even if Marcus says so.
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The nomen Burbuleius belongs to a large class of gentilicia ending in -eius, typically formed from Oscan names originally ending in -as. However, as the number of such gentile names grew, -eius came to be regarded as a regular gentile-forming suffix, and was applied in cases where it had no morphological justification, so it cannot be determined whether the root of Burbuleius is Oscan, or perhaps a Latin cognomen, like Burbulus.Chase, p. 120. There was a family of this name from Minturnae, in southern Latium, which would be consistent with either a Latin or Oscan origin.
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Frustrated by disputes with the feudal nobility, Frederick I retired to his castle at Cadolzburg in Franconia in 1425, granting the regency of Brandenburg to John at a Landtag in Rathenow on January 13, 1426, while retaining the electoral dignity for himself. John was poorly received by the populace of Brandenburg, as his administration was incompetent, leading to unrest in the countryside. Rather than governing, John was more interested in artificially creating gold through alchemy, thereby receiving the cognomen "the Alchemist". In 1433, a revised version of the alchemical treatise Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit of Ulmannus was prepared for John.
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The only major family of the Cloelii bore the cognomen Siculus, apparently referring to one of the Siculi, an ancient Italic people who had been expelled from the mainland, and subsequently lived in Sicily. Some trade links with Sicily could explain the adoption by the family of this very rare cognomen.Ogilvie, Commentary on Livy, p. 542. The Cloelii Siculi appear at the very beginning of the Roman Republic, and filled the highest offices of the state until the 2nd century BC. The first of the family to achieve prominence is sometimes called Vocula, probably referring to a low or quiet voice.
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According to Johann Christian Wernsdorf, who argued from the name, he must have been a slave or a freedman. The cognomen, or epithet, Faliscus, from which it has been inferred that he was a native of FaleriiSee e.g. was first introduced by Barth, on the authority of a manuscript which no one else ever saw, and probably originated in a forced interpretation of one of the lines in the poem, "At contra nostris imbellia lina Faliscis" (5.40). William Ramsay argued that in the context, "nostris" here denotes merely "Italian", in contradistinction to the various foreign tribes spoken of in the preceding verses.
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27G=23C explicitly states that the homonymous consulars who both took their own lives, P. Crassus Dives Mucianus (cos.131) and P. Crassus (cos.97), belonged to the same stirps and many mistakes in identifications and lines have arisen owing to the uniformity of Roman nomenclature, erroneous modern suppositions, and the unevenness of information across the generations. In addition the Dives cognomen of the Crassi Divites means rich or wealthy, and since Marcus Crassus, the subject here, was renowned for his enormous wealth, this has contributed to hasty assumptions that his family belonged to the Divites.
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But no ancient source accords him or his father the Dives cognomen; in fact, we are explicitly informed that his great wealth was acquired rather than inherited, and that he was raised in modest circumstances.Plutarch. Parallel Lives, The Life of Crassus, 1.1; 2.2 Crassus' grandfather of the same name, Marcus Licinius Crassus (praetor c. 126 BC), was facetiously given the Greek nickname Agelastus (the unlaughing or grim) by his contemporary Gaius Lucilius, the inventor of Roman satire, who asserted that he smiled once in his whole life. This grandfather was son of Publius Licinius Crassus (consul 171 BC).
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Pietas erga parentes ("pietas toward one's parents") was one of the most important aspects of demonstrating virtue. Pius as a cognomen originated as way to mark a person as especially "pious" in this sense: announcing one's personal pietas through official nomenclature seems to have been an innovation of the late Republic, when Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius claimed it for his efforts to have his father, Numidicus, recalled from exile.Fears, "The Cult of Virtues," p. 880. Pietas extended also toward "parents" in the sense of "ancestors," and was one of the basic principles of Roman tradition, as expressed by the care of the dead.
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Mucius Scævola by Louis-Pierre Deseine, 1791, Louvre Museum Gaius Mucius Cordus, better known with his later cognomen Scaevola was an ancient Roman youth, possibly mythical, famous for his bravery. In 508 BC, during the war between Rome and Clusium, the Clusian king Lars Porsena laid siege to Rome. Gaius Mucius Cordus, with the approval of the Roman Senate, sneaked into the Etruscan camp with the intent of murdering Porsena. Since it was the soldiers' pay day, there were two similarly dressed people, one of whom was the king, on a raised platform speaking to the troops.
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His second-in-command, Marius, designing to displace Metellus as commander in Numidia, spread rumours that Metellus was dragging out the Jugurthine War in order to retain his command; Marius returned to Rome to seek election as Consul (for the year 107). Winning the election, he returned to Numidia to take control of the war. On his return to Rome, Metellus was surprised by the demonstrations of enthusiasm and recognition which he received from a faction of senators and the people who did not support Marius. He celebrated a triumph, acquiring the cognomen Numidicus, to Marius' irritation.
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This Vöggr remarked that Hrólfr had the thin face of a pole ladder, a Kraki. Happy with his new cognomen Hrólfr gave Vöggr a golden ring, and Vöggr swore to avenge Hrólfr if anyone should kill him. Hrólfr and his company were then attacked by a troll in the shape of a boar in the service of Aðils, but Hrólfr's dog Gram killed it. They then found out that Aðils had set the hall on fire, and so they broke out of the hall, only to find themselves surrounded by heavily armed warriors in the street.
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Both Regallianus and his colleague were unknown to historians until the publication in 2001 of a military diploma. This discovery, and especially Regallianus' existence, attracted attention, for previously the only known occurrence of the cognomen "Regal(l)ianus" is that of a usurper, Regalianus, who in 260 revolted against the emperor Gallienus, in the area of the Danube. He is known only by the coins he had struck and a passage in the unreliable Historia Augusta. The coins minted from the usurper bear his name as P C REGALIANVS, whose nomen is usually expanded as Cornelius, although other possibilities are not excluded.
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His ancestors for three generations had been named Marcus Porcius, and it was said by Plutarch that at first he was known by the additional cognomen Priscus, but was afterwards called Cato--a word indicating 'common sense that is the result of natural wisdom combined with experience'.Plutarch, Life of Cato the Elder, 1. Priscus, like Major, may have been merely an epithet used to distinguish him from the later Cato of Utica. There is no precise information as to when he first received the title of Cato, which may have been given in childhood as a symbol of distinction.
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Originally Roman women shared the binomial nomenclature of men; but over time the praenomen became less useful as a distinguishing element, and women's praenomina were gradually discarded, or replaced by informal names. By the end of the Republic, the majority of Roman women either did not have or did not use praenomina. Most women were called by their nomen alone, or by a combination of nomen and cognomen. Praenomina could still be given when necessary, and as with men's praenomina the practice survived well into imperial times, but the proliferation of personal cognomina eventually rendered women's praenomina obsolete.
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The binomial name consisting of praenomen and nomen eventually spread throughout Italy. Nomina from different languages and regions often have distinctive characteristics; Latin nomina tended to end in -ius, -us, -aius, -eius, -eus, or -aeus, while Oscan names frequently ended in -is or -iis; Umbrian names in -as, -anas, -enas, or -inas, and Etruscan names in -arna, -erna, -ena, -enna, -ina, or -inna. Oscan and Umbrian forms tend to be found in inscriptions; in Roman literature these names are often Latinized. Many individuals added an additional surname, or cognomen, which helped to distinguish between members of larger families.
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The abbreviations here include for servus or serva and for libertus or liberta. A slave might have more than one owner, in which case the names could be given serially. In some cases the owner's nomen or cognomen was used instead of or in addition to the praenomen. The liberti of women sometimes used an inverted "C", signifying the feminine praenomen Gaia, here used generically to mean any woman; and there are a few examples of an inverted "M", although it is not clear whether this was used generically, or specifically for the feminine praenomen Marca or Marcia.
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The Patulcii probably originated at Puteoli in Campania, as evidenced by the large number of inscriptions from that town bearing the name. The derivation of the nomen Patulcius are not immediately apparent; morphologically the name suggests an earlier cognomen Patulcus, which does not appear in inscriptions except perhaps as a rare variant of Patulcius. However, in his discussion of Roman gentilicia, Chase observes that a number of gentile-forming suffixes became stereotyped, so that they were applied to names and other words for which there was no morphological justification. Any connection with the adjective patulus, meaning "broad" or "spreading", is purely speculative.
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In commemoration of the victory, Fabius was given the cognomen Allobrogicus, and both he and Ahenobarbus were awarded triumphs in 120 BC. Fabius' triumph in particular was renowned for its splendour, as the captured Arverni king Bituitus was paraded throughout the streets of Rome in the same silver armour which he had worn into battle. To further commemorate his victory, Allobrogicus erected a triumphal arch (fornix), at the Via Sacra, between the Regia and the House of the Vestals, the first ever to be constructed in the forum. Atop the arch was erected a sculpture of the victorious consul.
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A tee-name is a form of nickname traditionally used in the north-east of Scotland to disambiguate people with the same name or in the same family, in the same way as the agnomen (or in early periods the cognomen) was used in Roman naming conventions. A tee-name can be based on a personal characteristic, a trade, or where the person lived. An example is "Muckle Sanny Fite" for "Alexander White", where "Muckle" means "big" (a tee-name), and "Sanny" (or Sandy, or Elshioner) is a diminutive of "Alexander". Tee-names could be inherited from a parent.
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Caesar was born into an aristocratic family, the gens Julia, which claimed descent from Iulus, son of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas, supposedly the son of the goddess Venus. See also: Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars: Julius 6 ; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.41; Virgil, Aeneid The cognomen "Caesar" originated, according to Pliny the Elder, with an ancestor who was born by caesarean section (from the Latin verb to cut, caedere, caes-).Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.7. The misconception that Julius Caesar himself was born by Caesarian section dates back at least to the 10th century (Suda kappa 1199).
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Among several images of the seal from the 14th century the most note- worthy is the seal of Stanisław Gamrat from Klimontów impressed under the act of Union of Horodło in 1413. Around the same time Sulima was used by Zawisza Czarny. Fighting with the Turks and performing various missions at the side of king Sigismund, perhaps in reference to the emblem of Germany, he gave the eagle in his coat of arms black color (a cognomen Czarny means 'black' in Polish). Associated with the figure of Zawisza is also the first colored version of Sulima.
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Of the many branches of the Sempronia gens, the only family which was certainly patrician bore the cognomen Atratinus, a surname originally describing someone clad in black or mourning attire. Several of this family attained the highest offices of the Roman state under the early Republic, but the name does not occur again until 34 BC. Given the fashion for reviving old surnames in the late Republic, it seems improbable that this represented the direct line of the Sempronii Atratini, returning to prominence after more than three centuries in eclipse.Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p.
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In these records the king is adorned in grandiose epithets. The epithet Varah(descendant of the Boar incarnation of Vishnu) is applied for the first time to Pragjyotisha king who is also described as Prachi-Pradipa (the light of the east) and a past master of grammar (Pada), Vakya (Mimamsa), logic (Tarka), and Tantra. The donee of Guwakuchi grant belongs to Deva family, which is now a non-Brahminical cognomen in Bengal. His family belonged to Vai village in the land called Savathi (Sanskrit, Sravasti); same as the modern Baigram near Hilly railway station in Bogra district of Bangladesh.
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Halafta or Rabbi Halafta (רבי חלפתא) was a rabbi who lived in Sepphoris in the Galilee during the late 1st and early 2nd centuries CE (second generation of tannaim). He was the father of Jose ben Halafta, and one of the latter's teachers of halakha. He is always cited without patronymic or cognomen. His descent is traced back to Jonadab the Rechabite.Yerushalmi Ta'anit 4 68a; Genesis Rabbah 118:4 He was a senior contemporary of Gamaliel II and Johanan ben NuriTosefta Shabbat 13(14):2; Tosefta Ma'aser Sheni 1:13 and conducted a rabbinic school at Sepphoris.
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His writings are extant only in part in three letters and a short treatise, Paraenesis ad Poenitentiam.St. Pacian – Catholic Online In his writings, he discussed ecclesiastical discipline, baptism, papal primacy, and teachings on penance against Novatianism, which was then flourishing in Spain. He is also remembered from a phrase from one of his letters: Christianus mihi nomen est, catholicus vero cognomen ("My name is Christian, my surname is Catholic.").Patron Saints Index: Saint Pacian of Barcelona Pacian was married and had a son, Flavius Dexter, who served as high chamberlain to Theodosius I and as praetorian prefect to Honorius.
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He was of Anglo- Saxon, not of Norman extraction, and therefore apparently a clerk from a modest background, whose career depended upon his education. Beyond that, and that he applied to himself the cognomen of Parvus, "short", or "small", few details are known regarding his early life. From his own statements it is gathered that he crossed to France about 1136, and began regular studies in Paris under Peter Abelard,Guilfoy, Kevin, "John of Salisbury", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.). who had for a brief period re-opened his famous school there on Montagne Sainte- Geneviève.
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13 ff. The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology says this of the cognomen Caesar: > It is uncertain which member of the Julia gens first obtained the surname of > Caesar, but the first who occurs in history is Sextus Julius Caesar, praetor > in BC 208. The origin of the name is equally uncertain. Spartianus, in his > life of Aelius Verus, mentions four different opinions respecting its > origin: #That the word signified an elephant in the language of the Moors, > and was given as a surname to one of the Julii because he had killed an > elephant.
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In 1993, a fundamental relaunch took place: The institution's name was changed to Universität Klagenfurt (University of Klagenfurt), and a Faculty of Humanities and a (new) Faculty of Economics, Business Administration, and Informatics were inaugurated. The Faculty of Interdisciplinary Studies was inaugurated in 2004. The university adopted the official cognomen Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt in 2004 (with its legal name still being Universität Klagenfurt). It was extended with a fourth, technical sciences faculty in 2007 (with a focus on Informatics, Information Technology, and Networked & Autonomous Systems), engaging in research operations in collaboration with the Lakeside Science & Technology Park.
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However, the tradition remained strong, and the last Union casualty of the fighting in Virginia was reported to be a Zouave of the 155th Pennsylvania, killed at Farmville, Virginia, on the morning of April 9, 1865.page 55 American Civil War Zouaves, Robin Smith A number of Confederate Zouave units were also raised. In contrast to the many Federal units, most Confederate Zouaves were not full "regiments;" many were companies within larger units. The cognomen "Louisiana Tiger" dates from the Mexican–American War; it refers to any Louisiana state trooper (and more recently, to the state's athletic teams).
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"The origins of Vestricius Spurinna is nowhere documented," writes Ronald Syme, then a few lines later states he was "presumably a Transpadane". Syme also notes that Spurinna's gentilicum and cognomen both are Etruscan, then states the gentilicum, Vestricius, appears only one other time in the entire Italian peninsula, an inscription at Florentia.Syme, Tactius (Oxford: University Press, 1958), p. 635 Spurinna first appears in history during the Year of the Four Emperors, when Appius Annius Gallus, one of Otho's generals, put him in command of a detachment of some 3,000 men, to garrison Placentia, while Gallus occupied Verona.
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The Horatii of the Republic bore the surnames Barbatus, Cocles, and Pulvillus. Of these, Barbatus and Pulvillus were family names, while Cocles appears to have been a personal cognomen, given to the hero of the Sublician bridge. Plutarch supposes that it was derived from the Greek cyclops, because he had lost an eye, or because the shape of his face made it appear as if he had but one eye. Cocles is said to have been the nephew of Marcus Horatius Pulvillus, and if he left any issue, they do not seem to have carried on his surname.
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His father, having been implicated in the attempt of the Pretender in 1745, was obliged to flee from Scotland to the Continent, and took his son with him. Cunningham studied art with much perseverance at Parma, Rome, Venice, and Paris. He is said to have assumed the cognomen of 'Calze' in Italy. Soon after his arrival in Paris, he inherited the family estates, and shortly afterwards a second bequest fell to his share, but being dissipated and extravagant, he speedily ran through all his money, and was then induced to follow the Duchess of Kingston to Russia.
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In imperial times it becomes difficult to distinguish between members of the gens and unrelated persons sharing the same nomen. Members of the gens are known as late as the second century, but persons bearing the name of Fabius continue to appear into the latest period of the Empire. The eldest branch of the Fabii bore the cognomen Vibulanus, which may allude to an ancestral home of the gens. The surname Ambustus, meaning "burnt", replaced Vibulanus at the end of the 5th century BC; the first of the Fabii to be called Ambustus was a descendant of the Vibulani.
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Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor Hadrian, showing the Legio III Gallica, stationed at Raphana (Abila, Jordan), in Syria province from 30 BC to the 5th century Two bulls, symbol of the III Gallica, bearing the legion standard LEG III GAL. Coin of Elagabalus, who became emperor with the decisive support of this legion. Legio tertia Gallica ("Gallic Third Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded around 49 BC by Gaius Julius Caesar for his civil war against the republicans led by Pompey. The cognomen Gallica suggests that recruits were originally from Gaul.
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Otho was then defeated by Aulus Vitellius, who acceded with the name "Aulus Vitellius Germanicus Imperator Augustus". Vitellius did not adopt the cognomen "Caesar" as part of his name and may have intended to replace it with "Germanicus" (he bestowed the name "Germanicus" upon his own son that year). Nevertheless, Caesar had become such an integral part of the imperial dignity that its place was immediately restored by Titus Flavius Vespasianus ("Vespasian"), whose defeat of Vitellius in 69 AD put an end to the period of instability and began the Flavian dynasty. Vespasian's son, Titus Flavius Vespasianus became "Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus".
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As related by the historian Titus Livius and others, much of the early Roman populace was of Sabine origin, and Volesus was claimed as ancestor by one of the oldest, largest, and noblest houses at Rome. His descendants held every magistracy of the Roman Republic, included scholars, statesmen, and generals, and were in the forefront of public affairs throughout the whole of Roman history.Dictionary of Greek & Roman Biography & MythologyT. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (1952) The praenomen Volesus was also used occasionally by the Valerii, who also used it as a cognomen, usually with the spelling Volusus.
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Luscus "one-eyed"; and Philus is borrowed from the Greek Φιλος.Chase, p. 114. The cognomen Purpureo, "rosy, purple", might originally have referred to a person's complexion, but may also have alluded to the family's wealth and influence, or some trading connection; a coin of this family depicts a murex- shell, the source of the expensive dye Tyrian purple, with which the most luxurious clothing was coloured. The toga picta, originally worn by the Roman kings, and later by triumphant generals, and the broad stripe of the toga praetexta, worn by senators and curule magistrates, were dyed with Tyrian purple.
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Anthony Birley makes several comments about Isauricus' name and likely family.Birley, The Fasti of Roman Britain, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 247 Birley notes Quinti Antonii are rare in all parts of the Roman Empire, and only one other senator is known. The cognomen "Isauricus" is reminiscent of two consuls of the late Roman Republic, Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, consul 79 BC, and his son Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, twice consul in 48 BC and 41 BC; their descendants can be traced into the second century AD. Birley speculates that Antonius Isauricus may be descended from these Republican consuls through the female side.
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Anthony Birley notes there is a plausible possibility that Proculus also held a second suffect consulate; any man recorded as holding a second consulate after AD 103, held it as an ordinary consul, not as a suffect consul.This phenomena is discussed in Birley, "Hadrian and Greek Senators", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 116 (1997), pp. 230-236 The origins of Proculus have been commonly surmised as in Gallia Narbonensis, based on his membership in the Roman tribe "Voltinia", that he was a Julius son of a man with the praenomen Marcus, and his cognomen Proculus. However, Birley notes Proculus could have had his origins instead in Larinum.
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Céline, sometimes spelled Celine, is a French female first name of Latin origin, coming from Caelīna, the feminine form of the Roman cognomen Caelīnus, meaning "heavenly". Its equivalent in Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese is Celina. Céline was frequently chosen as a first name in honour of two Gallo- Roman saints closely associated with the beginnings of the French nation: Saint Céline of Laon, mother of St Rémy, and Saint Céline of Meaux, a companion of St Geneviève; the feast day for both is 21 October. In addition it is notable for one of the sisters of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, Céline Martin, who also became a nun.
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Opiter Verginius Tricostus Esquilinus is the reconstructed name of the consul suffectus who replaced Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala as consul of the Roman Republic in 478 BC. The fact of Servilius' death is not recorded by Livy (who only mentions Servilius when he takes the fasces),Livy, Ab Urbe condita, ii.49.9 nor by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (who states that Servilius campaigned against the Volscians, but had no success).Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, ix.16.4-5 However the Fasti Capitolini states that Servilius died in office and was replaced by a man most of whose name is obliterated except for the cognomen "Esquilinus".
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Rather, Catullus's reference to the reluctance of Clodius's associates to exchange with him a common social kiss implies connotations of fellatio. Butrica goes on to cite the 4th-century commentator Maurus Servius Honoratus, who noted that the word pulcher was sometimes used as an ironic euphemism for the word exoletus, which were Roman males raised as sex slaves from boyhood. Exoleti were characterised by effeminacy, sexual passivity, immorality and an insatiable carnal appetite. Thus, Butrica argues that the twist in Catullus 79 is the pun on Clodius's cognomen with a synonym for exoletus, and he connects that characterisation with fragments of lost Cicero speeches that attribute similar qualities to Clodius Pulcher.
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As they only seem to have become incorporated into the Roman state toward the end of the Republic, the Seppii are not known to have been divided into separate branches. Although many early Seppii bore no cognomen, the family used a wide range of familiar surnames in imperial times. The most abundant of these seems to have been Rufus, referring to the colour red, and usually bestowed upon someone with red hair. This was typical of a large class of cognomina derived from a person's physical features, which often became hereditary over time, although it is not known whether the Seppii Rufi of Abellinum and Venusia constituted a distinct family.
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The memorial plaque on Shakespeare's monument Beneath the figure is engraved an epitaph in Latin and a poem in English. The epitaph reads: The first line translates as "A Pylian in judgement, a Socrates in genius, a Maro in art," comparing Shakespeare to Nestor the wise King of Pylos, to the Greek philosopher Socrates, and to the Roman poet Virgil (whose last name, or cognomen was Maro). The second reads "The earth buries him, the people mourn him, Olympus possesses him," referring to Mount Olympus, the home of the Greek gods. The English poem reads: As modernized by Katherine Duncan-Jones:Duncan-Jones, Katherine (2001).
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Women in the early to mid-Republic were usually known by their family name (nomen). A woman from the gens Aemilia would be called Aemilia; from the gens Cornelia, Cornelia; from the gens Sempronia, Sempronia; and so on. If there were many daughters, a cognomen such as Tertia (Third) could indicate birth order, for example, Aemilia Tertia, the wife of Scipio Africanus. (She, however, is better known as Aemilia Paulla.) The comparative adjectives Maior and Minor, meaning "the Elder" and "the Younger" when attached to a name, might distinguish between two sisters; for example, the daughters of Gaius Laelius Sapiens are known as Laelia Maior and Laelia Minor.
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" Knight agreed, and telegraphed to the Land Office in Washington, D.C. to officially change all federal maps to now read "Lake Tahoe." Knight later explained his desire for a name change, writing, "I remarked (to many) that people had expressed dissatisfaction with the name "Bigler", bestowed in honor of a man who had not distinguished himself by any single achievement, and I thought now would be a good time to select an appropriate name and fix it forever on that beautiful sheet of water." "Lake Tahoe," also like "Lake Bigler," did not gain universal acceptance. Mark Twain, a critic of the new name, called it an "unmusical cognomen.
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The surname Auruncus, borne by the consul of 501 BC, suggests that the Cominii might have been of Auruncan origin, although if this were so, the family had reached the highest level of Roman society by the beginning of the Republic. However, there could be other explanations for this cognomen. This early consulship implies that the family was once numbered amongst the patricians, although in the later Republic all of the Cominii seem to have been plebeians. It may be that the family passed over to the plebeians during the fourth or fifth centuries BC, or that the patrician branch of the gens became extinct.
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To the same period belongs the "Summa de arte prædicatoriâ" by Alain de Lille, which defines preaching: "Manifesta et publica instructio morum et fidei, informationi hominum deserviens, ex rationum semitâ et auctoritatum fonte proveniens". He lays stress on explanation and use of Scripture and recommends the preacher to insert verba commotiva. The remarks of Cæsarius of Heisterbach (died 1240) have been collected by Cruel; his sermons display skill in construction and considerable oratorical power. Conrad of Brundelsheim (died 1321), whose sermons have come down to us under his cognomen of "Brother Sock" (Sermones Fratris Socci), was one of the most interesting preachers at this time in Germany.
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This suggests Lucius was the first of his cognomen ', meaning "the curly haired". The family was relatively rich. In the late 460sBC, Rome was fending off raids by the Aequi to their east and, beginning in 462BC, the tribune G. Terentilius Harsa began pressing for codification of the Roman laws in order to establish a kind of constitution that would check the near-regal power of the patrician consuls. In the years that followed, he and the other plebeians were ignored, fended off, rejected on procedural grounds, and finally beaten and driven from the streets by gangs of patricians and their clients, supposedly including Cincinnatus's son Caeso.
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In 41 BC, Octavian made Carrinas governor of Spain, where he warred with Bocchus II. In 36 BC, Octavian sent him with three legions against Sextus Pompeius in Sicily. In 31 BC Carrinas was made proconsular governor of Gaul, where he successfully fought against the rebellious Morini and drove the invading Suebi back across the Rhine, for which he was honoured with a triumph in 29 BC. Carrinas was the son of the Marian commander Gaius Carrinas. Havercamp supposed Carrinas to be a cognomen of the Albia gens,Havercamp, Thesaurus Morelliantes, p. 497. but as the names never appear together in inscriptions, and Umbrian nomina frequently end in ,Chase, p. 118.
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Unsuccessful in relieving Praeneste, the army marched upon Rome where it was met in battle by Sulla at the Colline Gate. After being defeated in the battle, Carrinas and the other Marian leaders took to flight, but they were captured and put to death by order of Sulla. Their heads were cut off and sent to Praeneste, where they were carried round the walls to inform Marius of the destruction of his friends and the hopelessness of his cause. Carrinas was the father of Gaius Carrinas, consul suffectus in 43 BC. Havercamp supposed Carrinas to be a cognomen of the Albia gens,Havercamp, Thesaurus Morelliantes, p. 497.
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Lutraan, 26–28 The short inscriptions tend to be similar regardless of the content of the image, with names and the "convivial formulae" described above together or separately predominating. A religious implication (as may be intended in vivas or zeses for example) is relatively rarely explicitly stated.Lutraan's chapter 3 analyses these, and chapter 4 discusses relations between the images and their accompanying inscriptions. The names are in the single cognomen form which is hard to relate to such records as survive,Lutraan, 62 but three glasses can possibly be related to known individuals who were potential owners, and one to a family (that of the poet Ausonius).
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Cicero refers to a Gaius Annius Bellienus, and from this it has been inferred that Bellienus might be a cognomen of the Annia gens; but even if this Bellienus or some of the others mentioned in history are correctly identified as Annii, the evidence from inscriptions demonstrates that Bellienus was a separate nomen gentilicium. The name belongs to a class of gentilicia formed using the suffix -enus, frequently found in Picenum and Umbria. Such names were typically derived from other gentilicia, rather than from place names, as was the case with the similar gentile-forming suffix -anus; in this case probably Bellius, also found as Billius, Belius, and Bilius.Chase, p. 118.
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Despite the fact that tributes within the aviation industry are scarce, the few examples that cite Cofresi's name have been linked to notable events. Puertorriqueña de Aviación, the earliest flag carrier company recorded in Puerto Rico, christened its first seaplane with the cognomen of "Kofresí". In the only copycat crime dedicated to his name, Antulio Ramírez Ortíz adopted the pseudonym "Elpirata Cofresí" when he seized control of National Airlines' Flight 337 and redirected it to Cuba by holding the pilot hostage with a knife. This was the first act of air piracy that involved an American airline in the history of the United States.
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The only surname associated with the patrician Marcii was Coriolanus, which does not seem to have represented a distinct family of the Marcian gens. During the time of the Republic, the plebeian Marcii bore the cognomina Censorinus, Crispus, Figulus, Libo, Philippus, Ralla, Rex, Rufus, Rutilus, Septimus, Sermo, and Tremulus. Those of Censorinus, Libo, and Philippus are found on coins. Coriolanus, the earliest cognomen of the Marcii, and the only one generally believed to have belonged to any of the patrician Marcii, was the personal surname of Gaius Marcius, a young soldier whose brilliant charge through the gates of Corioli resulted in the capture of that town from the Volscians.
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Denarius of Decimus Junius Silanus, 91 BC. The obverse depicts a mask of 222x222px The family names and surnames of the Junii which occur in the time of the Republic are, Brutus, Bubulcus, Gracchanus, Paciaecus, Pennus, Pera, Pullus, and Silanus. Norbanus was formerly supposed to be a surname of the Junia gens, but in fact it seems to have been a gentile name. A few Junii are mentioned without any cognomen. Many Junii appear under the Empire with other surnames, but most of them cannot be regarded as part of the gens; these included many descendants of freedmen, and of citizens enrolled during the magistracies of the various Junii.
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King Björn's barrow in Håga (the Old Norse word haugr meaning hill, knoll, or mound) near Uppsala. The Nordic Bronze Age barrow gave its name to the location Håga ("the barrow") and is probably the source of the cognomen of the king, at Haugi ("at the barrow"). As a result, the mound was in the 17th/18th centuries erroneously named after the king. Björn at Haugi ("Björn at the Barrow" from the Old Norse word haugr meaning mound), Björn på Håga, Björn II or Bern was, according to Hervarar saga, a Swedish king and the son of Erik Björnsson, and Björn ruled together in diarchy with his brother Anund Uppsale.
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What family she came from is unknown,Allen Mason Ward; Marcus Crassus and the late Roman Republic - page: 48Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979. American Journal of Philology - page: 459 as the name Tertulla is a nickname for Tertia, the cognomen for a third daughter in Roman culture.Mika Kajava; Institutum Romanum Finlandiae, 1995. Roman Female Praenomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women, Volume 14 - page: 209 There has been speculation that this Tertulla may be the same as Junia Tertia, but this is highly unlikely to be the case since their ages and marriages seem to be incompatible, as well as the fact that Tertulla was a common nickname in Rome.
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Scene of the Battle of Corinth (146 BC): last day before the Roman legions looted and burned the Greek city of Corinth. The last day on Corinth, Tony Robert-Fleury, 1870 Ancient Roman statue in the Archaeological Museum of Ancient Corinth. In 146 BC, Rome declared war on the Achaean League and, after victories over league forces in the summer of that year, the Romans under Lucius Mummius besieged and captured Corinth. When he entered the city, Mummius killed all the men and sold the women and children into slavery before burning the city, for which he was given the cognomen Achaicus as the conqueror of the Achaean League.
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Thus far, his name follows the Republican model, becoming that of his adoptive father, followed by his original nomen in the form of an agnomen. Two years later, Caesar was deified by the Roman Senate, and Octavian, as he was then known, was styled , "son of the divine (Caesar)", instead of . Still later, after having been acclaimed Imperator by the troops under his command, Octavian assumed this title as an additional praenomen, becoming ; in some inscriptions his original praenomen is discarded altogether. In 27 BC, the Senate granted him the title of Augustus, which would ever after be affixed as a cognomen to the names of the Roman emperors.
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3 RCHA served in Korea from May to November 1954. The 7th Toronto Regiment RCA made its reappearance in 1965 when, as a result of the Suttie Commission the 29th Fd, 42nd Med and the 1st Loc Regts were transferred to the supplementary Order of Battle. 9th, 15th and 130th batteries from 29th Field Regiment were transferred to 7th Toronto Regiment, which moved into its present location in Moss Park Armoury following the demise of the University Avenue Armoury. 7th Toronto is currently the only Canadian Forces artillery Reserve regiment to maintain a howitzer battery alongside a dedicated dismounted mortar battery (the latter having the unofficial cognomen of "Lightfighter battery").
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The Alban kings, including Tiberinus, bore the cognomen Silvius, after the son of Ascanius, who was said to have been born in the woods.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, book I The only tradition specifically attached to Tiberinus is that he was drowned while crossing the river then known as the Albula, but which was ever after known to the Latins as the Tiber. This ancient river formed the boundary of Latium and Etruria, and the city of Rome was later founded on a group of seven hills overlooking its banks. After his death, Tiberinus was revered as the god of the river (see Tiberinus (god)).
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In another indication of Narbonese regard for Caesar, the poet Varro Atacinus,Varro Atacinus, or P. Terentius Varro, was a native of the Narbonensis, identified by his toponymic cognomen as associated with the Aude River (ancient Atax) and thus distinguished from the more famous Varro; whether he was an ethnic Celt or a Roman colonist can be debated. Though his work survives only in fragments, the Augustan poets regarded him highly. the contemporary of Troucillus, wrote an epic poem called the Bellum Sequanicum (Sequanian War), no longer extant, about the first year of Caesar's war in Gaul.Edward Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), pp. 235–253.
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The nomen Rullius is derived from the cognomen Rullus, a beggar. The surname is better known in its derivative form, Rullianus, from Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus, one of the greatest statesmen and generals of the Roman Republic, who as a young man defied the orders of the dictator Lucius Papirius Cursor by engaging the enemy while his commander was away, winning a famous victory, but was then obliged to beg the Roman people to spare his life, when Cursor declared it forfeit.Livy, viii. 31–36. Chase classifies Rullius among those gentilicia that either originated at Rome, or cannot be shown to have come from anywhere else.
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Banff and Red Deer were also possibilities, but motions to select each failed to find seconders. In the end, Edmonton was designated by a vote of sixteen members, including Rutherford, to eight. A personal priority of Rutherford had been the establishment of a university. Though the Edmonton Bulletin opined that it would be unfair "that the people of the Province should be taxed for the special benefit of four per cent that they may be able to attach the cognomen of B.A. or M.A. to their names and flaunt the vanity of such over the taxpayer, who has to pay for it," Rutherford proceeded quickly.
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" Knight agreed, and telegraphed to the Land Office in Washington, D.C. to officially change all federal maps to now read "Lake Tahoe." Knight later explained his desire for a name change, writing, "I remarked (to many) that people had expressed dissatisfaction with the name "Bigler", bestowed in honor of a man who had not distinguished himself by any single achievement, and I thought now would be a good time to select an appropriate name and fix it forever on that beautiful sheet of water." "Lake Tahoe," also like "Lake Bigler," did not gain universal acceptance. Mark Twain, a critic of the new name, called it an "unmusical cognomen.
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The novel's popularity led to Shirley's becoming a woman's name. The title character was given the name that her father had intended to give a son. Before the publication of the novel Shirley was an uncommon but distinctly male name."...she had no Christian name but Shirley; her parents, who had wished to have a son, finding that, after eight years of marriage, Providence had granted them only a daughter, bestowed on her the same masculine family cognomen they would have bestowed on a boy, if with a boy they had been blessed..." Shirley , Chapter XI Today it is regarded as a distinctly female name.
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He is now exclusively known by his Octavius, a dialogue on Christianity between the pagan Caecilius Natalis and the Christian Octavius Januarius. Written for educated non-Christians, the arguments are borrowed chiefly from Cicero, especially his De natura deorum (“Concerning the Nature of the Gods”), and Christian material, mainly from the Greek Apologists. The Octavius is admittedly earlier than Cyprian's Quod idola dei non sint, which borrows from it; how much earlier can be determined only by settling the relation in which it stands to Tertullian's Apologeticum. The name Caecilius Natalis contains the nomen Caecilius and cognomen Natilis, that may refer to the gens Caecilia, a plebeian family at Rome.
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At the time, Pompey had not yet added the cognomen Magnus, "the Great." at age 24, Pompey had not held the offices prerequisite to a governorship, but having declared the primacy of sword over law,See article on Pompey, "Sicily and Africa". he defeated the Marians, a contingent of whom were still occupying Africa, along with their Numidian allies. Pompey remained in Africa till 79, when he claimed his controversial first triumph for his victories there.For the legal status of Pompey’s command in Africa, see Ronald T. Ridley, “The Extraordinary Commands of the Late Republic: A Matter of Definition,” Historia 30 (1981) 280–297, especially p. 281.
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Trajanus belonged to a family of the gens Ulpia, which originally came from the Umbrian city of Tuder, but he was born and raised in the Roman colony of Italica, north of modern Santiponce and northwest of Seville, in the Roman Province of Hispania Baetica. The town was founded in 206 BC by Scipio Africanus, as a settlement for wounded and invalid veterans of the wars against Carthage. The Ulpii, like the Aelii and the Traii, were among the leading Roman families of the city. From the latter family came the ancestors of Trajanus, who intermarried with the Ulpii, giving rise to the cognomen Trajanus.
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Ernst von Dobschütz suggested that the name might have come from the Fasti consulares for 37 CE, which records the death in that year of Gnaeus Acerronius Proculus, co-consul of Gaius Petronius Pontius Nigrinus, thus providing the names Proculus and Pontius together. Heinrich Paulus, among others, has proposed that the name arose from a transcription error in the Latin text that took the Latin word (far off) to be the name Procula. Others believe that it may accurately reflect the cognomen of Pilate's wife. Roland Kany argues that the earliest extant reference to her as Claudia Procula is the Pseudo-Dexter Chronicle, a forgery first published in 1619.
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Denarius minted at Rome in 82 BC by L. Marcius Censorinus, with the head of Apollo and the figure of Marsyas the satyr (CNG) Marcius Censorinus was a name used by a branch of the plebeian gens Marcia of ancient Rome. The cognomen Censorinus was acquired through Gaius Marcius Rutilus, the first plebeian censor, whose son used it. The gens Marcia claimed descent from both Ancus Marcius, a king of Rome, and symbolically from Marsyas the satyr, who was associated with free speech and political liberty; see further discussion at Prophecy and free speech at Rome. The Marcii Censorini were consistent populares, supporting Marius, Cinna, Julius Caesar, and Antonius.
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After this victory, he took the six rostra (rams from the prows of the enemy warships) and placed them in what became known as the Rostra, decorating the stage in the Roman Forum from which the orators would address the people. After this victory, both Maenius and his colleague were awarded triumphs, and in a rare show of appreciation, both had equestrian statues erected to them in the Roman Forum. His statue was placed upon a column, called the Columna Maenia, which stood near the end of the Forum, on the Capitoline. In addition, it is also possible that he took the cognomen Antiaticus in remembrance of this victory.
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Tullus appears to be a Latin name, as most of the families in which it occurs are of Latin origin, but the name may also have been common to the Oscan and Umbrian languages, as evidenced by the Volscian leader, Attius Tullus. The name seems to have confused some Latin writers, including the historian Titus Livius, who wavered between regarding it as praenomen or cognomen. Livius gives the forms Attius Tullus and Cloelius Tullus (with no praenomen), while Gaius Plinius Secundus gives Tullus Cloelius, which is probably correct.Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, books I-VGaius Plinius Secundus, Naturalis Historia The meaning of the praenomen is unclear.
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The details of Eadwulf's early life are not known except that his surname evil-child may indicate that he was a wild youth, with "evil-child" being equivalent to "bad boy" in modern English. Alternatively, as cild, when used as a cognomen, was an Old English title borne by some Anglo-Saxon nobles to denote a man of high rank,Swanton, Michael J. (translator), Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (MSS C, D and E), p. 138 note 7. it may be the case that Eadwulf acquired the name simply because he was a nobleman of bad character or because he was considered unworthy to hold noble rank.
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Chase, p. 130. As the first member of the gens that occurs in history, Sextus Furius Medullinus, BC 488, is only five years later than the treaty of isopolity which Spurius Cassius Viscellinus concluded with the Latins, to whom the Tusculans belonged, the supposition of the Tusculan origin of the Furia gens does not appear at all improbable. However, the cognomen Medullinus, which belonged to the oldest branch of the gens, may indicate that the family came from the ancient Latin city of Medullia, which was conquered by Ancus Marcius, the fourth King of Rome, toward the end of the 7th century BC.Livy, i. 32, 33.
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In order to lessen their burden, and to occupy any pursuing warriors they spread gold in their path (later in the work, this is referred to as "sowing the Fyrisvellir"), although there was a rumour that she only spread gilded copper. When Athislus, who was pursuing the escapers saw that a precious ring was lying on the ground, he bent down to pick it up. Roluo was pleased to see the king of Sweden bent down, and escaped in the ships with his mother. A young man named Wigg was impressed with Roluo's bodily size and gave him the cognomen Krage, which meant a tall tree trunk used as a ladder.
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According to research by Bloch, Stienby and Setälä, Marcus Rutilius Lupus was one of the most important persons in the history of the Roman brick industry,John Bodel, "Speaking signa and the Brickstamps of M. Rutilius Lupus", Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae, 32 (2005), p. 61 and is credited with the introduction of consular dating to the urban stamps in 110. During the first decade of the second century, Rutilius, being a landowner and already a brick producer in Rome, started exploring clay deposits near present-day Vatican known as figlinae Brutianae and stamped his product with a wolf rebus, perhaps because of his cognomen Lupus. Production continued there until his death, perhaps around 123.
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To qualify for the office, patrician ancestry was necessary; however it was once performed by a member of a family otherwise known as plebeian, the Marcii, earning for himself and his descendants the cognomen Rex. As has been mentioned, the administrative functions in religion, including at some point the housing in the ancient royal court, were ceded to the supreme pontiff. In the late Republic, the previous role of the king in choosing new senators and dismissing people from the senate was ceded to the censors. However, the role of choosing senators became rather limited as all magistrates down to the rank of quaestor eventually gained admission to the senate after the office's expiration.
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Galba was not related to any of the emperors of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, but he was a member of a distinguished noble family. The origin of the cognomen Galba is uncertain. Suetonius offers a number of possible explanations; the first member of the gens Sulpicia to bear the name might have gotten the name from the term galba, which the Romans used to describe the Gauls, or after an insect called galbae. One of Galba's ancestors had been consul in 200 BC, and another of his ancestors was consul in 144 BC; the later emperor's father and brother, both named Gaius, would hold the office in 5 BC and AD 22 respectively.
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There are notable reasons to be doubtful of the narrative provided by the Rajmala however. Numismatic evidence proves that Maha could not have been the son of Mukut, given that the latter had only begun his rule in 1489. It is further believed that it was in fact Maha who had founded the dynasty and be the first to possess the Manikya cognomen, rather than Ratna Manikya, who evidence shows had actually reigned over thirty years after the former's death. Given that his son Dharma Manikya I is identified with the ruler named in the Rajmala as "Dangar Fa", it is judged that Maha can be equated with the latter's predecessor in the text: "Chhengthung Fa".
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As the years came about, Daniela Droz became a young woman and her interests inclined to the music business, even though she had an alternate career as a fashion model. She became part of a merengue vocal group, studied communications at college, and after several attempts to fulfill her dreams of becoming a singer, in 1999, at age 22, she was signed by the EMI Latin recording label, and recorded her first album called: Cosas de Mujeres (Women talk), in the merengue genre. By then, Daniela was also known by the cognomen: La Dama de Hierro, (The Iron Lady). This surname is also the title of her first video clip, & her first hit single, composed by Marco Antonio Solís.
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As his adopted son took the same cognomen, Pliny founded a branch, the Plinii Secundi. The family was prosperous; Pliny the Younger's combined inherited estates made him so wealthy that he could found a school and a library, endow a fund to feed the women and children of Como, and own multiple estates around Rome and Lake Como, as well as enrich some of his friends as a personal favor. No earlier instances of the Plinii are known. In 59 BC, only about 82 years before Pliny's birth, Julius Caesar founded Novum Comum (reverting to Comum) as a colonia to secure the region against the Alpine tribes, whom he had been unable to defeat.
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Julia Livilla was the youngest great-granddaughter of Emperor Augustus, great-niece and adoptive granddaughter of the Emperor Tiberius, sister of the Emperor Caligula, niece of the Emperor Claudius, and through her eldest sister Agrippina the Younger, maternal aunt of the Emperor Nero. In most ancient literary sources, on inscriptions and on coins, she is simply called "Julia". It is possible that she dropped the use of her cognomen after the damnatio memoriae of her paternal aunt Livilla (sister of Germanicus and Claudius) after whom she was named. However, on her sepulchral inscription, she is explicitly named "Livilla, daughter of Germanicus", which suggests that in her time she was called either "Julia" or "Livilla".
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In Vulgar Latin, the original diphthong first began to be pronounced as a simple long vowel . Then, the plosive before front vowels began, due to palatalization, to be pronounced as an affricate, hence renderings like in Italian and in German regional pronunciations of Latin, as well as the title of Tsar. With the evolution of the Romance languages, the affricate became a fricative (thus, ) in many regional pronunciations, including the French one, from which the modern English pronunciation is derived. Caesar's cognomen itself became a title; it was promulgated by the Bible, which contains the famous verse "Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's".
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The earliest family of the Postumii to occur in history bore the cognomen Tubertus, derived from tuber, a lump or swelling. But by far the greatest family of the Postumii bore the surname Albus, white, which in later generations became Albinus, whitish. This family flourished from the beginning of the Republic down to its end, in the first century BC, and for a century all of its members bore the agnomen Regillensis, in memory of the Battle of Lake Regillus, where the Roman dictator Aulus Postumius Albus won everlasting renown by defeating the Latin League, led by Octavius Mamilius and Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh and last King of Rome, and securing the future of the Republic.Chase, pp.
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The ancient praenomina Numa and Ancus evidently passed out of use some time before the establishment of the Republic. Both are likely Sabine or Oscan names, as were all of the persons known to have borne them. No attempt seems to have been made to revive either of them at Rome, either as praenomen or cognomen. Numa seems to be related to Numitor, the name of one of the ancient Kings of Alba Longa, and the grandfather of Romulus, and may share a common root with the praenomen Numerius, which remained in use at Rome for many centuries; Chase suggests a meaning related to "arranger" or "orderer", which would suit both Numa Pompilius and his kinsman, Numa Marcius.
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It was considered symbolic of the loss of power in the Norse society where power and status were important as well as an outward signifier of the physical and social power that the dominator wielded over the dominated. The term is Nordic in origin, and equated with castration as "unmanning" the victim, and classed with wounds that cause major penetrations of the body, strongly suggesting that the term refers to rape or forced anal sex. It was considered a legal term, with the shame entailed associated with the shame of ragr. The "unmanning" also often came with an insulting cognomen indicating status degradation and once the name stuck, ensured that the shame would not be forgotten.
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The tribune Saturninus proposed a law to exile Metellus Numidicus. Rather than face a confrontation between Saturninus' and his own supporters, who were prepared to defend him by force, Metellus departed into exile voluntarily, spending a year in Rhodes. He was accompanied into exile by a rhetorician, Lucius Aelius Praeconinus or Stilo, and pursued his study of philosophy while in Rhodes. Following the death of Saturninus and an electoral reverse for the popular party, the new tribune, Quintus Calidius, proposed to allow Metellus' return to Rome in 99 BC. His son, Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius gained the cognomen Pius thanks to his faithful efforts in support of Calidius' proposal, which duly carried.
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His wife Yemogun was a good companion in all the wars to safeguard his people. Ogere people were never defeated in any war when Olipakala, Yemogun and Lowa- Lida were alive; hence a cognomen was given to him that runs thus: “Olipakala A Gbe Ni Ma Dehin”. In times of war their immediate neighbours were contacted by the use of the “Apere”- a war signal drum used for transmitting messages which the enemy would not be able to interpret. The settlement of Lagere (Ogere) people was basically a farming community and faced a serious threat from wild animals and an attack by carnivorous animals such as lions, tigers, hyenas and wolves particularly at dusk and in the evening.
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His ancestors had borne the same name for at least four generations. Although the Octavii were an old and distinguished plebeian family, the gens was not divided into stirpes and had no hereditary cognomina; Octavius' father had put down a slave revolt at Thurii and was sometimes given the surname Thurinus (a cognomen ex virtute), but this name was not passed down to the son. At the age of eighteen in 44 BC, Octavius was nominated magister equitum by his granduncle, Gaius Julius Caesar, who held the office of dictator. On the Ides of March, Caesar was assassinated, without legitimate children; but in his will he adopted his nephew, who then became , "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, son of Gaius".
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His fame rested on the contention that he saved Rome from Spurius Maelius in 439 BC by killing him with a dagger concealed under an armpit. This may be less historical fact and more etiological myth, invented to explain the Servilian cognomen "Ahala"/"Axilla", which means "armpit" and is probably of Etruscan origin. As related by Livy and others, Ahala served as magister equitum in 439 BC, when Cincinnatus was appointed dictator on the supposition that Spurius Maelius was styling himself a king and plotting against the state. During the night on which the dictator was appointed, the capitol and all the strong posts were garrisoned by the partisans of the patricians.
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Based on his cognomen Silvanus, Ronald Syme suggested that he was descended from the Plautii, specifically that his father was a son of Lucius Ceionius Commodus, consul 106, and Ignota Plautia, who died before he was old enough to be awarded the consulate. "Hence an unattested and short lived brother of L. Caesar -- and his son, M. Ceionius Silvanus, was therefore a first cousin of L. Verus."Syme, "Antonine Relatives: Ceionii and Vettuleni", Athenaeum 35 (1957), p. 311 Christian Settipani has proposed that Silvanus was an ancestor of Ceionius Varus, urban prefect of Rome from 284 to 295.Settipani, Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l’époque impériale: mythe et réalité, Prosopographica et Genealogica, vol.
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Julia Maesa was born in 7 May before around 160AD, the elder daughter of the priest Julius Bassianus in Emesa, Syria, modern day Homs, as part of the Emesan dynasty. She had a younger sister, Julia Domna who would later become Roman empress after her marriage to Septimius Severus who was by the time of their marriage a senator. As Maesa was an Arab, her cognomen, Maesa, is the feminine nomen agentis of the Arabic verb "masa" which signifies walking with a swinging gait. This would be an appropriate female name as the verb from which it was derived was used by Arab poets to describe the figures of the women whom they write about.
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Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (; 29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known by the anglicisation Pompey the Great (), was a leading Roman general and statesman, whose career was significant in Rome's transformation from a republic to empire. He was for a time a political ally and later enemy of Julius Caesar. A member of the senatorial nobility, Pompey entered a military career while still young and rose to prominence serving the later dictator Sulla as a commander in Sulla's civil war, his success at which earned him the cognomen Magnus – "the Great" – after Pompey's boyhood hero Alexander the Great. His adversaries also gave him the nickname adulescentulus carnifex ("teenage butcher") for his ruthlessness.
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Valentia, which means valour, was named in honour of the valour of the Roman soldiers. Edetanorum indicated that the city was in the territory of the Edetani, an Iberian people. It was built on the site of an Iberian town. Livy said that Valentia was founded to give land to soldiers who had fought under Viriathus, the Lusitanian leader.Livy, Periochae, 55.4 In 136 BC the Roman Senate granted Brutus a triumph and gave him the cognomen Callaicus or Callaecus (winner against the Callaeci/Gallaeci)Marcus Valerius Paterculus, Roman Histories, 11.5 At an unknown date he built a temple by the Circus Flaminius which is thought to have been dedicated to Hercules Callaicus.
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The Postumii Albini were a distinguished patrician family, prominent from the beginning of the Republic (its first member was Aulus Postumius Albus who won the legendary Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC), but would have become extinct without this adoption. Despite his adoption into the Postumii, Decimus kept his own family name, only adding his adoptive father's cognomen Albinus. Syme felt this supports his assertion that Decimus' mother was a previous wife of his father and not Sempronia, as having kinship with the Postumia gens would have made it logical for Aulus Postumius Albinus to adopt him. On several occasions Julius Caesar expressed how he loved Decimus Brutus like a son.
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Map of Roman North Africa Parthenia is one of the Maghreb cities of the Roman period whose toponym recalls the cognomen of a prominent family; usually of the patrician class, in this case the family of the Parthenii. The Notitia Provinciarum et Civitatum Africae, part of Victor Vitensis's Historia persecutionis Africanae Provinciae, temporibus Geiserici et Hunirici regum Wandalorum, mentions Parthenia among the bishoprics of Mauretania Sitifensis. It says that the bishop Rogatus was one of those exiled by the Vandal king Huneric when he took action against the Catholic bishops in his dominions. Morcelli remarks that he could find no other mention of Parthenia in the works of the ancient geographers or other writers.
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Plutarch told that as the tribunes arrested people for saluting Caesar as King, crowds applauded, calling them Brutuses—not after Marcus Junius Brutus, not yet the assassin of Caesar, but after Lucius Junius Brutus, a possibly apocryphal figure who had led a coup against the despotic last king, Tarquin the Proud, thereby founding the Roman Republic. He also notes that Caesar insulted the tribunes in a speech as he removed them from office, "and in speaking against them he insulted the people at the same time". He appears as the tribune Flavius in Shakespeare's biographical play Julius Caesar. Here Shakespeare has confounded the cognomen Flavus with the gentile name Flavius, which is derived from the surname.
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Only one distinct branch of this family occurs in history, consisting of the descendants of Publius Suillius Rufus, whose surname belongs to a common type of cognomen derived from the physical features of individuals, and originally designating someone with red hair.Chase, pp. 109, 110. It is not clear whether this surname was inherited from earlier generations, or passed down to his descendants, as his sons bore the surnames Caesoninus and Nerullinus, presumably alluding to their maternal forebears; however, there appears to have been a Suillius Rufus among the African colonials of this gens, though there is no evidence to show whether he was a descendant of the same stirps, or merely shared a ubiquitous surname.
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Cato tells us that he was wont to give each of his slaves a congius of wine at the Saturnalia and Compitalia.De Re Rustica, c57 Pliny relates, among other examples of hard drinking, that a Novellius Torquatus of Mediolanum obtained a cognomen (Tricongius, a nine-bottle-man) by drinking three congii of wine at once: The Roman system of weights and measures, including the congius, was introduced to Britain in the 1st century by Emperor Claudius. Following the Anglo-Saxon invasions of the 4th and 5th century, Roman units were, for the most part, replaced with North German units. Following the conversion of England to Christianity in the 7th century, Latin became the language of state.
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The Volsci were among the most dangerous enemies of ancient Rome, and frequently allied with the Aequi, whereas their neighbors, the Hernici, were allied with Rome after 486 BCE. According to the semi-legendary history of early Rome, its seventh and last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was the first to go to war against the Volsci, commencing two centuries of conflict between the two states.Livy Ab urbe condita 1.53 Gaius Marcius Coriolanus, the legendary Roman warrior, earned his cognomen after capturing the Volscian town of Corioli in 493 BCE. The reputed rise and fall of this Roman hero is chronicled in Plutarch's Parallel Lives, which served as the basis for the Shakespeare play, Coriolanus.
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He received a triumph and the cognomen 'Macedonicus' for this victory. He was censor in 131 BC. Macedonicus was a conservative aristocrat and opposed Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus,Salazar, Christine F. Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopedia of the Ancient World Vol 2. Boston: Brill Leiden. 2003. 874-879. who went around the Senate and based their power on the people. Denarius coined by him in 125 BC. Caprarius' eldest brother was Quintus Caecilius Metellus Balearicus. He went to Thessaly to obtain grain as aedile around 130 BC. He was praetor by 126 BC and consul in 123 BC. Balearicus was given the command to defeat the inhabitants of the Balearic Islands, who practiced piracy.
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Cognomen came to refer to any other personal or hereditary surnames coming after the family name, and used to distinguish individuals or branches of large families from one another.William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities As the tria nomina developed throughout Italy, the importance of the praenomen in everyday life declined considerably, together with the number of praenomina in common use. By the 1st century CE they were occasionally omitted from public records, and by the middle of the 4th century CE they were seldom recorded. As the Roman Empire expanded, much of the populace came from cultures with different naming conventions, and the formal structure of the tria nomina became neglected.
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Galla was the sister of the consul Neratius Cerealis and of the praetorian prefect Vulcacius Rufinus.Probably Neratius was her brother and Vulcacius her half-brother, as "Gallus" is a cognomen of the Neratii (Jones, p. 198). She married Julius Constantius, son of Constantius Chlorus and half-brother of Emperor Constantine I. From their union a son was born, who died with his father in the purges of 337,Julian, Letter to the Athenians, 270D. a daughter who married his cousin Constantius II,Her name was probably Galla, Julia or Constantia, the names of her parents (Noel Emmanuel Lenski, The Cambridge companion to the Age of Constantine, Volume 13, Cambridge University Press, 2006, , p. 107).
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The only cognomen borne by the Sallustii of the Republic was Crispus, belonging to an abundant class of surnames derived from the physical features of an individual, and originally belonging to someone with curly hair.Chase, p. 110. Passienus, borne by some of the Sallustii during the early decades of the Empire, was a gentile name inherited from the paternal line when one of the Passieni was adopted by his granduncle, the historian Sallust, becoming part of his gens. Lucullus, borne by an ill-fated member of this family in the time of Domitian, may have been derived from lucus, a grove, although it might also have been a diminutive of the praenomen Lucius.
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Coat of arms (after 1363) Born in Pontoise in 1342, Philip gained his cognomen the Bold at the age of 14, when he fought beside his father at the Battle of Poitiers of 1356 and they were captured by the English. He remained in custody with his father until the terms of their ransom were agreed to in the Treaty of Brétigny of 1360. He was created Duke of Touraine in 1360, but in 1363, he returned this title to the crown to receive instead the Duchy of Burgundy in apanage from his father as a reward for his courage at the Battle of Poitiers. His father had been the ruler of the duchy since the death of Duke Philip I in 1361.
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An inscription identifying the tomb of Caecilia Metella, daughter of Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and the wife of Marcus Licinius Crassus; it reads Caeciliae, Q. Cretici. f., Metellae, Crassi, "Caecilia, daughter of Quintus Creticus, of the Metellus family and of the Crassus family" Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome differed from nomenclature for men, and practice changed dramatically from the Early Republic to the High Empire and then into Late Antiquity. Females were identified officially by the feminine of the family name (nomen gentile, that is, the gens name), which might be further differentiated by the genitive form of the father's cognomen, or for a married woman her husband's. Numerical adjectives might distinguish among sisters, such as Tertia, "the Third" (compare Generational titles in English names).
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The senate were forced to ratify the choice and accept the affront. Claudius adopted the cognomen Caesar, deified Augustus' wife, Livia, 13 years after her death and in 42 AD was granted the title pater patriae (father of the fatherland) but relations between emperor and Senate seem to have been irreparable.A cult dedication to Livia as diva Augusta appears in Lusitania, dated to 48 AD. Claudius showed none of Caligula's excesses. He seems to have entirely refused a cult to his own genius: but the offer of cult simultaneously acknowledged the high status of those empowered to grant it and the extraordinary status of the princeps – Claudius' repeated refusals may have been interpreted as offensive to Senate, provincials and the imperial office itself.
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Information about Statius' life is almost entirely drawn from his Silvae and a mention by the satirist Juvenal. He was born to a family of Graeco-Campanian origin; his Roman cognomen suggests that at some time an ancestor of his was freed and adopted the name of his former master, although neither Statius nor his father were slaves. The poet's father (whose name is unknown) was a native of Velia but later moved to Naples and spent time in Rome where he taught with marked success. From boyhood to adulthood, Statius' father proved himself a champion in the poetic contests at Naples in the Augustalia and in the Nemean, Pythian, and Isthmian games, which served as important events to display poetic skill during the early empire.
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The Allobroges probably settled relatively late in Gaul, since they are not attested before the late second century BCE, in connection with Hannibal's crossing of the Alps in 218 BC. In 123 BC, they gave shelter to King Tutomotulus (or Teutomalius), of the tribe of the Salluvii which Rome had conquered, and refused to hand Tutomotulus over. Rome declared war and moved against the Allobroges. On August 8, 121 BC the legions of Quintus Fabius Maximus defeated them and forced them to submit; Maximus earned the cognomen Allobrogicus for this feat. The Allobroges additionally played a rather important part in deciding to foil the second Catilinarian Conspiracy of 63 BC, an attempt to foment civil war throughout Italy and simultaneously burn down Rome.
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But with the later addition of his cognomen or nickname, Żądło, he would become known as, Jakub z Dąbrówki, Żądło, herbu Radwan - or he could be called just plain, Jakub Żądło. The most striking concept of the Polish heraldic system is that a coat of arms may originate from a single family, but come to be carried by several non-related families of the Polish szlachta (nobility). Unrelated families who have joined the nobility by heraldic adoption can share the same coat of arms, even though that coat of arms bears the surname of the family who created it. Thus the total number of coats of arms in this system was relatively low — about 200 in the late Middle Ages.
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The title lent plausibility to his claim to be the restorer of republican institutions vitiated during the civil wars, and as Oxford historian Craig Walsh notes in his seminal work Classics in Room 39: "Princeps was pretty much the same idea as the latin Primus Inter pares".Craig Walsh, Classics in Room 39, page number needed. On the motion of L. Munatius Plancus, he was also given the honorific cognomen Augustus, which made his full name Imperator Caesar divi filius Augustus. Imperator stressed military power and victory, emphasising his role as commander-in-chief. Divi filius, translating as ‘son of the divine’, showed that whilst he himself didn't have a "god complex" and wasn't an autocrat, he was on the shoulders of the gods, enhancing his legitimacy.
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The origin of this binomial system is lost in prehistory, but it appears to have been established in Latium and Etruria by at least 650 BC. In written form, the nomen was usually followed by a filiation, indicating the personal name of an individual's father, and sometimes the name of the mother or other antecedents. Toward the end of the Roman Republic, this was followed by the name of a citizen's voting tribe. Lastly, these elements could be followed by additional surnames, or cognomina, which could be either personal or hereditary, or a combination of both. The Roman grammarians came to regard the combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen as a defining characteristic of Roman citizenship, known as the tria nomina.
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Publius Licinius Crassus was the son of Publius Licinius Varus, whose ancestry is unknown. It is possible that he was related to the consul Gaius Licinius Varus (consul in 236 BC) whose grandson was Publius Licinius Crassus (consul 171 BC) and whose great-grandson was Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianus, also consul and Pontifex Maximus. The connections between these Licinii and the earliest mentioned plebeian consul Licinius and the more famous Gaius Licinius Stolo are not clear. Licinius Crassus is later described as "Dives" (or rich, an additional cognomen) indicating that he was particularly wealthy among Romans of his day (the family tradition of wealth continued, with several of his descendants, notably the triumvir Marcus Licinius Crassus, being nicknamed "Dives" as well).
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An example of the filiation of slaves and freedmen would be: , "Alexander, slave of Lucius Cornelius", who upon his emancipation would probably become , "Lucius Cornelius Alexander, freedman of Lucius"; it was customary for a freedman to take the praenomen of his former owner, if he did not already have one, and to use his original personal name as a cognomen. Another example might be , "Salvia Pompeia, freedwoman of Gnaeus (Pompeius) and Gaia"; here Gaia is used generically, irrespective of whether Pompeius' wife was actually named Gaia. A freedman of the emperor might have the filiation , Augusti libertus. Although filiation was common throughout the history of the Republic and well into imperial times, no law governed its use or inclusion in writing.
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Daphnis and Chloe by Jean-Pierre Cortot Longus, sometimes Longos (), was the author of an ancient Greek novel or romance, Daphnis and Chloe. Nothing is known of his life; it is assumed that he lived on the isle of Lesbos (setting for Daphnis and Chloe) during the 2nd century AD. It has been suggested that the name Longus is merely a misinterpretation of the first word of Daphnis and Chloe's title Λεσβιακῶν ἐρωτικῶν λόγοι ("story of a Lesbian romance", "Lesbian" for "from Lesbos island") in the Florentine manuscript; EE Seiler observes that the best manuscript begins and ends with λόγου (not λόγγου) ποιμενικῶν. If his name was really Longus, he was possibly a freedman of some Roman family which bore that name as a cognomen.
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Around the 12th century AD, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sun Tzu, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic Zuo zhuan, which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period. The name "Sun Wu" () does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian, and may have been a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior"the surname "Sun" can be glossed as the related term "fugitive" (xùn ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" (wǔ ), which corresponds to Sun Tzu's role as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu.Mair, Victor H. (2007). The Art of War: Sun Zi's Military Methods.
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Julian was the son of a soldier in the army of the Roman general David the Armenian and a Syrian woman. Julian grew up in the army with his father, and participated in David's campaign in Mesopotamia, for which he earned the cognomen "the Roman". Whilst in the army, he was part of a Syrian contingent under the command of Titus, which did not take part in the atrocities committed by David's soldiers at Beth Ma'de, and survived the rest of the army's destruction by withdrawing to Amida. It is suggested that Titus was fabricated by the historian Dionysius of Tel Mahre, whose work survives in the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian, to disassociate Julian from events at Beth Ma'de.
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Solomon then became Premier and Treasurer of South Australia for one week, 1 December to 8 December 1899, before further machinations led to new Opposition Leader Frederick Holder gaining the Premiership, and gaining for Vaiben the cognomen "Sudden Solomon". Vaiben Louis Solomon at the 1897–1898 Australasian Federal Convention. Solomon was a member of the Australian Federation Convention in 1897 and the Convention that framed the Australian Constitution in 1897–98, before his election to the inaugural Australian federal Parliament in 1901 as a Free Trade member for the single statewide Division of South Australia. Solomon unsuccessfully stood for the Division of Boothby at the 1903 election before returning to the South Australian House of Assembly in 1905 as the Member for the Northern Territory.
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Holland was well regarded in his lifetime, both for the quantity and quality of his translations. A piece of doggerel, composed after the publication of Suetonius's Historie in 1606 (and playing on Suetonius's cognomen), ran: > Phil: Holland with translations doth so fill us, > He will not let Suetonius be Tranquillus Thomas Fuller, writing in the mid-17th century, included Holland among his Worthies of England, terming him "the translator general in his age, so that those books alone of his turning into English will make a country gentleman a competent library for historians.". However, his colloquial language soon dated. John Aubrey, reading his translations of Livy and Pliny as an undergraduate in the 1640s, compiled lists of examples of what he saw as quaint and archaic terms.
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Oddr was the son of Grímr Loðinkinni and the grandson of Ketill Hængr (both of whom have their own sagas) of Hålogaland. When he was an infant, a völva predicted that he would be killed by his own horse Faxi, at the place where he was born, at the age of three hundred (which may very well signify 360, as a hundred by the time was a unit of numbers denoting 120, not 100 - which have been called a petty hundred). In order to undo the prediction, he killed his horse, buried it deep in the ground and left his home intending never to return again. As he was leaving, his father gave him some magic arrows (Gusisnautar) which soon earned him the cognomen arrow.
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The origins of the settlement may go back much earlier in the Anglo-Saxon period, but the known dates suggest that it achieved considerable importance in the mid-10th century and that the town's significance was in large part dependent on its important church. A local legend claims that King Edgar made Penkridge his capital for three years whilst he was reconquering the Danelaw. However most historical sources see the reign of Edgar as an uneventful one, as his cognomen suggests, and there is no record of any internal strife between English and Danes during his reign, making this claim doubtful. At Domesday, more than a century later, Penkridge was still a royal manor, and St. Michael's was a chapel royal.
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The latter was a model to Cicero both as an orator and as a statesman. Cicero's fellow students with Scaevola were Gaius Marius Minor, Servius Sulpicius Rufus (who became a famous lawyer, one of the few whom Cicero considered superior to himself in legal matters), and Titus Pomponius. The latter two became Cicero's friends for life, and Pomponius (who received the cognomen "Atticus" for his philhellenism) would become Cicero's chief emotional support and adviser. "You are a second brother to me, an 'alter ego' to whom I can tell everything," Cicero wrote in one of his letters to Atticus.Rawson, Elizabeth: "Cicero, a portrait" (1975) pp. 14–15 In his youth, Cicero tried his hand at poetry, although his main interests lay elsewhere.
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He might have been referred to the mentioned missing text. Richardson holds that a man with the cognomen Cento (usually written as Centho in the literary sources) is recorded in the Fasti Triumphales and that he may have been the praetor of Hispania Ulterior who succeed Titus Fontueus. Therefore, he must have won a battle, but there is no record of his activities.Richardson, Hispaniae, Spain and the Development of Roman Imperialism, 218–82 BC, pp. 103. The Fasti Triumphales is a list of triumphs form the foundation of Rome to 12 BC. In 173 BC, the praetors Numerius Fabius Buteo and Marcus Matienus were assigned Hispania Citerior and Ulterior respectively. They were reinforced by 3,000 Roman infantry and 200 cavalry.
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The earliest Claudii bore the surname Sabinus, a common surname usually referring to a Sabine, or someone of Sabine descent, which according to all tradition, the Claudii were. This cognomen was first adopted by Appius Claudius, the founder of the gens, and was retained by his descendants, until it was replaced by Crassus. Regillensis or Inregillensis, a surname of the earliest Claudii, is said to be derived from the town of Regillum, a Sabine settlement, where Appius Claudius lived with his family and retainers before coming to Rome. Its exact location is unknown, but it must have been in the vicinity of Lake Regillus, where one of the most important battles in the early history of the Roman Republic was fought.
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The main family of the Veturii bore the cognomen Cicurinus, which the antiquarian Varro derived from cicur, quiet or patient. The Veturii who occur in the fasti from the outset of the Republic to the middle of the fifth century BC bore the additional surname of Geminus, a twin. From the time of the Decemvirs, this surname was replaced by Crassus, thick, sometimes with the implication of "dull" or "stupid". The Veturii Cicurini flourished down to the middle of the fourth century BC. Calvinus, bald or balding, occurs in the latter part of the fourth century BC, after which the Veturii fell into obscurity until the Second Punic War, when the surname Philo, one of the earliest cognomina borrowed from Greek, briefly appears.
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Tracing a descent from the mythological Lunar dynasty, the Rajmala royal chronicle records an unbroken line of 144 (likely legendary) monarchs of Tripura up to the ascension of one Ratna Fa, who is stated to have become the first Manikya after being granted the cognomen by the Sultan of Bengal. However, it is now believed that the Rajmala had been mistaken in the genealogy and chronology of the initial Manikya rulers. Numismatic evidence suggests that the first historical Manikya was in fact Maha Manikya, a Tripuri chief who founded the kingdom after establishing dominance over neighbouring tribes in the early 1400s. This monarch then took the title "Manikya" in honour of a historic victory over Bengal, with the name being inherited by his descendants.
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Paris was a slave of Domitia Lepida Minor who became wealthy enough to buy his freedom from her, adding her praenomen and cognomen to his own name to make his citizen name Lucius Domitius Paris. In return, she influenced him via Atimetus (another of her freedmen) to use his favour with Nero himself to convince him of her fabrication that his mother Agrippina was plotting to depose him.Tac. Ann. xiii. 19 - 22 However, Paris stood so high in the theatre-loving Nero's favour that, even when the plot failed, he alone among the conspirators was not punished and was even declared freeborn (ingenuus) by the emperor soon afterwards, forcing Domitia to hand back the sum she had accepted to free him.Tac, Ann.
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Cognomina are known from the beginning of the Republic, but were long regarded as informal names, and omitted from most official records before the second century BC. Later inscriptions commemorating the early centuries of the Republic supply these missing surnames, although the authenticity of some of them has been disputed. Under the Empire, however, the cognomen acquired great importance, and the number of cognomina assumed by the Roman aristocracy multiplied exponentially. Adding to the complexity of aristocratic names was the practice of combining the full nomenclature of both one's paternal and maternal ancestors, resulting in some individuals appearing to have two or more complete names. Duplicative or politically undesirable names might be omitted, while the order of names might be rearranged to emphasize those giving the bearer the greatest prestige.
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The Sire de Bourbon or Seigneur de Bourbon, meaning Lord of Bourbon, was the title by which the rulers of the Bourbonnais were known, from 913 to 1327, and from which the cognomen of the royal House of the same name derives. Louis I, count of Clermont, the ultimate holder, was created the first "Duke of Bourbon" and made "count of La Marche" by his cousin, King Charles IV of France, in exchange for Clermont-en-Beauvaisis, thus absorbing the title. This title dates to at least the early 10th century and Aymar de Bourbon. Aymar lived under the reign of the Carolingian overlord Charles III of France who gave to him, in the year 913, several strongholds on the river Allier, such as the castle in the medieval town of Bourbon-l'Archambault.
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Known only by a cognomen common in Roman Gaul, Aurelianus is mentioned in the Historia Francorum written by Gregory of Tours, although this may be another person of the same name. The anecdotes concerning Aurelianus are mainly the product of later second-hand works of the 7th century, such as the Liber, Liber Historiae Francorum and Historia Francorum epitomata, written by Fredegar, but also of the 9th century, like the work of Hincmar, Vita Remigii. He was first regarded as a real historical figure towards the end of the 19th century by Godefroid Kurth. More recently, the medieval history specialist Laurent Theis does not rule out the historicity of Aurelianus, although he states that the 'loyal Aurelianus' may be an archetype of the wise Roman Christian, like Aredius, advisor of the Burgundian king Gundobad.
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John Gruard McCaskey born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on July 3, 1874, was an essential factor in opening up the oil fields of Oklahoma and Texas. By his early 30s McCaskey was President of The National Sauerkraut Association, had become a self made millionaire and won for himself the cognomen of "the Sauerkraut King" after his friend E. W. Marland arranged for a contract with the farmers of Dutchess County, New York, giving McCaskey an option for the annual cabbage crop."E. W. Marland: Life and Death of an Oil Man", John Joseph Mathews, Pg. 80. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, (1985): From this he had built an extensive commercial enterprise, owning a large number of factories making sauerkraut in Ohio, Pennsylvania (the SnowFloss brand) and New York (the Seneca Kraut and Pickling Company).
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Curius Dentatus refusing wealth in favour of a turnip, as depicted by Jacopo Amigoni Manius Curius Dentatus (died 270 BC), son of Manius, was a three-time consul and a plebeian hero of the Roman Republic, noted for ending the Samnite War. According to Pliny, he was born with teeth, thus earning the cognomen Dentatus, "Toothed."Pliny, Natural History 7.68, LacusCurtius edition. Dentatus was a tribune of the plebs sometime between 298 and 291 BC. As tribune, he foiled efforts by the interrex Appius Claudius Caecus to keep plebeian candidates out of the consular elections. If his tribunate is dated to 291, his actions advanced his own candidacy, but since Appius served three times as interrex, the earliest date accords better with the timeline of Dentatus's own career.
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Augustus reconstituted the legion once again in 41 BC to deal with the rebellion of Sextus Pompeius (son of Pompey) in Sicily. Legio XIII acquired the cognomen Gemina ("twin", a common appellation for legions constituted from portions of others) after being reinforced with veteran legionaries from other legions following the war against Mark Antony and the Battle of Actium. Augustus then sent the legion to Burnum (modern Knin), in Illyricum, a Roman province in the Adriatic Sea. In 16 BC, the legion was transferred to Emona (now Ljubljana) in Pannonia, where it dealt with local rebellions. After the disaster of the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, the legion was sent as reinforcements to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg), and then to Vindonissa, Raetia, to prevent further attacks from the Germanic tribes.
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Little is known of Galla, including her full name. Galla is the female cognomen for Gallus and, in Latin, gallus could mean both an inhabitant of Gaul and a rooster. Galla is listed as one of four children of the marriage by Jordanes. Her paternal uncle Valens was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Byzantine Empire from 364 to his death in the Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378). Her father was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 364 to his death on 17 November 375 and was previously married to Marina Severa. The only known child of that marriage was Gratian, Western Roman Emperor from 375 to his assassination on 25 August 383. Her mother was previously married to Magnentius, a Roman usurper from 350 to 353.DiMaio, Michael Jr., Magnentius (350–353 A.D) and Decentius (351–353 A.D.), roman-emperors.org.
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Valerius was elected consul suffectus in 437 BC. Considering that both ordinary consuls of that year, Marcus Geganius Macerinus and Lucius Sergius Fidenas appear in our records at later dates, it would seem that Valerius was not elected because of one of the consuls dying, but rather that one of the consuls abdicated. Sergius won several victories during his consulship and gained his cognomen Fidenas, thus it has been suggested that Geganius abdicated. The year would see further changes as a dictator was appointed, Mamercus Aemilius Mamercinus, who fought and defeated the Veii, Falerii and Fidenae. Aemilius is traditionally ascribed a triumph for his victories, but some scholars have suggested that the triumph should be ascribed to Valerius, as the only remaining part of the triumphal inscription reads [-mus] (Maxi _mus_ ) and not [-nus] (Mamerci _nus_ ).
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Over the course of some fourteen centuries, the Romans and other peoples of Italy employed a system of nomenclature that differed from that used by other cultures of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of a combination of personal and family names. Although conventionally referred to as the tria nomina, the combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen that have come to be regarded as the basic elements of the Roman name in fact represent a continuous process of development, from at least the seventh century BC to the end of the seventh century AD. The names developed as part of this system became a defining characteristic of Roman civilization, and although the system itself vanished during the Early Middle Ages, the names themselves exerted a profound influence on the development of European naming practices, and many continue to survive in modern languages.
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The Vita tripartita Sancti Patricii or Tripartite Life of St.Patrick, page 93 states- "Patrick founded a church in that stead, namely, Domnach Maighe Sleacht, and left therein Mabran [whose cognomen is] Barbarus Patricii, a relative of his and a prophet. And there is Patrick's well, wherein he baptized many. Then Patrick went into the province of Connaught by Snam da En over the Shannon." Tírechán's Collections in the Book of Armagh states- "Patrick sent Nie Brain to the Moat of Slecht; (he was) a native close to Patrick, who made miraculous true prophecies (inspired) by God." The Annals of the Four Masters state at 448 - "M448.2, 9- His sister's son was Banban, of fame;" Flann's poem in The Yellow Book of Lecan states- "Seannan was his brother or cousin of fame" Said by John Colgan to be a son of St.Patrick’s sister, Richella.
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The Julio-Claudian dynasty was composed of the Iulii Caesares and the Claudii Nerones, two distinguished patrician families in the waning days of the old Republic. The Iulii Caesares rose to absolute power in the Roman state in the person of the paterfamilias, Julius Caesar himself; upon his murder in 44 BC, the majority of his estate passed to his posthumously adopted son, Octavian, the grandson of Caesar's sister Julia Minor. Octavian emerged from a series of civil wars as the sole master of the Roman world, and in January 27 BC was appointed princeps senatus and given the cognomen "Augustus" (Latin, "Majestic" or "Venerable"); henceforth he styled himself "Imperator Caesar Augustus". He continued to be elected consul ordinarius each year until 23 BC. Historians customarily mark the "First Settlement" of 27 as inaugurating Caesar Augustus's reign as Emperor.
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Lucius Varius Ambibulus (full name: Quintus Planius Sardus Lucius Varius Ambibulus), was a Roman senator of the 2nd century AD who occupied a number of offices in the imperial service, as well as serving as suffect consul in either 132 or 133. His cognomen "Ambibulus" was described by Ronald Syme as "peculiar and uncommon"; he could only count five examples of its use in inscriptions found at Rome, and one more in North Africa.Syme, "Three Ambivii", Classical Quarterly, 36 (1986) p. 275 Based on the evidence that his father's name was also L. Varius Ambibulus, his sister's name is Varia, and his freedmen were Varii, Olli Salomies argues his original name was Lucius Varius Ambibulus, and the terms of a testamentary adoption one Quintus Planius Sardus directed Ambibulus to add his name to Ambibulus' in return for a share of the latter's estate.
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The name Paus is known in Oslo in the 14th and 15th centuries and was used by individuals who belonged to the same small elite social class as the family that is documented from the 16th century. The farm Pausinn ("The Paus") was one of the "city farms" that were part of medieval Oslo and is mentioned between 1324 and 1482, when it was owned by individuals who belonged to the city's elite. Paus is also used as the cognomen of several individuals in 14th and 15th century Oslo or its surroundings who appear to be related and who owned substantial property in nearby Nes. The most notable individual named Paus in medieval Oslo was Nikolas Sigurdsson Paus, who is mentioned as the Lawspeaker of Oslo in 1347, shortly before the Black Death reached the city.
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Historians believe that Waverly and the surrounding areas were inhabited by nomadic people as early as 13,000 BC. The first historical evidence that can be tied to a particular culture dates back to sometime between the years 1000 and 800 BC, to the culture known as the "Adena". The area around Waverly is particularly rich in Adena heritage, including a number of mounds throughout the area. The Adena were given their cognomen from Thomas Worthington's Adena Estate near Chillicothe, where evidence of their culture was found in the early 1900s. There is evidence pointing to the emergence of the "Hopewell" culture in the Waverly area beginning about 300 BC. The namesake for the Hopewell is Captain M. C. Hopewell, the owner of the Ross County farmstead where artifacts leading to the discovery of the Hopewell's separate cultural identity were found.
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In 1385, a double wedding for the Burgundian family took place in Cambrai. John married Margaret of Bavaria, daughter of Albrecht of Bavaria, Count of Holland and Hainaut, while at the same time his sister Margaret of Burgundy married Albrecht's son William in order to consolidate John's position in the Low Countries. The marriage took place after John cancelled his engagement to his first cousin, Catherine of France, a daughter of King Charles V of France, who was only a child at the time. Before his accession to the Duchy of Burgundy, John was one of the principal leaders of the French forces sent to aid King Sigismund of Hungary in his war against Sultan Bayezid I. John fought in the Battle of Nicopolis of 25 September 1396 with such enthusiasm and bravery that he was given the cognomen Fearless (Sans-Peur).
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The Romans, over the two centuries between 400-200 BCE, conducted a prolonged counter- offensive to conquer all of the northern Italian peninsula, partially in response to successive invasions, starting with Gauls led by king Brennus in 391 BCE, and later the Carthaginians under the great general Hannibal Barca in 218 BCE. It is likely sometime after 176 BCE that Cisalpine Gaul was completely subdued by Roman legions, and this would have included the village of Karreum itself. This was possibly under the command of Roman consul Caius Claudius Pulcrus, leading a military response to a rebellion the year before by the Ligures. Following this Roman conquest in the 2nd Century BCE, the village became known as the Roman settlement of Carreum Potentia: the Latin name Potentia (derived from potens, "powerful") being added as a cognomen to the original Ligurian name.
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Tradition suggests that the population of the early Roman kingdom was the result of a union of Sabines and others. Some of the gentes of the Roman republic were proud of their Sabine heritage, such as the Claudia gens, assuming Sabinus as a cognomen or agnomen. Some specifically Sabine deities and cults were known at Rome: Semo Sancus and Quirinus, and at least one area of the town, the Quirinale, where the temples to those latter deities were located, had once been a Sabine centre. The extravagant claims of Varro and Cicero that augury, divination by dreams and the worship of Minerva and Mars originated with the Sabines are disputable, as they were general Italic and Latin customs, as well as Etruscan, even though they were espoused by Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome and a Sabine.
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Thus Meir and Nehorai are distinct people. In contrast, modern scholar John McGinley assumes that Meir was renamed twice. To explain the renaming, McGinley notes that Eleazar ben Arach is elsewhere is described as being the greatest of the Sages,Avot 2:8, Avot of Rabbi Natan 2:8 and a student of Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai who (at an early age) had mastered the meaning of the mystical revelations which are associated with "the Work of the Chariot."Haggigah 14b McGinley suggests that the virtual disappearance of Eleazer Ben Arach from Rabbinic ways allowed for the usage of this name as a cognomen for Rabbi Meir, acceptably to Rabbinic officialdom who permitted this "cover name" to honor this great scholar but with sufficient indirectness so as not also to honor his checkered history with Rabbinic officialdom.
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American playwright Thornton Wilder based his novel The Woman of Andros on Terence's Andria. Due to his cognomen Afer, Terence has long been identified with Africa and heralded as the first poet of the African diaspora by generations of writers, including Juan Latino, Phyllis Wheatley, Alexandre Dumas, Langston Hughes and Maya Angelou. Two of his plays were produced in Denver with Black actors. Questions as to whether Terence received assistance in writing or was not the actual author have been debated over the ages, as described in the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica: > [In a prologue to one of his plays, Terence] meets the charge of receiving > assistance in the composition of his plays by claiming as a great honour the > favour which he enjoyed with those who were the favorites of the Roman > people.
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Gaius Metellus was a young Roman senator at the time of Sulla's proscriptions in the late 80s BC. Given that his cognomen is Metellus, his gens name is likely to have been Caecilius. Nothing about his identity can be established with certainty.Robin Waterfield, Plutarch: Roman Lives (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 481. Plutarch records what seems to have been a famous anecdote about Gaius Metellus as the one who prompted the Roman dictator to post the first proscription lists: > Sulla now devoted himself to butchery, and the city was filled with murders > without number or limit, with many people being killed out of private > enmity, with whom Sulla had no concerns but permitted it as a favour to his > supporters, until one of the young men, Gaius Metellus, ventured in the > senate to ask Sulla what end there would be to these evils.
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Portrait of Poe by William Abbot Pratt from September 1849, a month before his death On September 27, 1849, Edgar Allan Poe left Richmond, Virginia, on his way home to New York City. No reliable evidence exists about Poe's whereabouts until a week later on October 3, when he was found delirious in Baltimore at Ryan's Tavern (sometimes referred to as Gunner's Hall).Silverman, 433 A printer named Joseph W. Walker sent a letter requesting help from an acquaintance of Poe, Dr. Joseph E. Snodgrass. His letter reads as follows: > Dear Sir—There is a gentleman, rather the worse for wear, at Ryan's 4th ward > polls, who goes under the cognomen of Edgar A. Poe, and who appears in great > distress, & he says he is acquainted with you, and I assure you, he is in > need of immediate assistance.
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So also is the further speculation by Metello that she was the daughter of Titus, which suggests a possible connection with the Titii Pomponii on his mother's side, and a connection with the Caecilii (Celer was a cognomen used by that Gens) on his father's side: Jean Hardouin presents a statement from an unknown source that he claims was ancient, that Pliny was from Verona and that his parents were Celer and Marcella. Hardouin also cites the conterraneity (see below) of Catullus. City and Lake of Como, painted by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, 1834 How the inscription got to Verona is unknown, but it could have arrived by dispersal of property from Pliny the Younger's then Tuscan (now Umbrian) estate at Colle Plinio, north of Città di Castello, identified with certainty by his initials in the roof tiles. He kept statues of his ancestors there.
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" And this is the view that has come to be enshrined in history and the popular imagination, despite being not quite a true representation of Teresa Cristina, since she was a well learned and willful woman. According to historian Eli Behar, Teresa Cristina became notable "for her discretion, which kept her far from being associated with any political movement; and for her tenderness and charity, which earned her the cognomen 'Mother of the Brazilians'." A similar opinion is voiced by Historian Benedito Antunes, who said that she "was beloved by Brazilians, who defined her, for her discretion, as the 'silent empress', and yet regarded her as 'the mother of the Brazilians'." He also praised the Empress for her sponsorship of cultural and scientific development: she "promoted culture in various ways, bringing from Italy artists, intellectuals, scientists, botanists, musicians, thus contributing to the progress and enrichment of the nation's cultural life.
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The gens was always said to have descended from and been named after a mythical personage named Iulus or Iullus, even before he was asserted to be the son of Aeneas; and it is entirely possible that Iulus was an ancient praenomen, which had fallen out of use by the early Republic, and was preserved as a cognomen by the eldest branch of the Julii. The name was later revived as a praenomen by Marcus Antonius, the triumvir, who had a son and grandson named Iulus. Classical Latin did not distinguish between the letters "I" and "J", which were both written with "I", and for this reason the name is sometimes written Julus, just as Julius is also written Iulius. The many Julii of imperial times, who were not descended from the gens Julia, did not limit themselves to the praenomina of that family.
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The Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology says this of the cognomen Caesar: > It is uncertain which member of the Julia gens first obtained the surname of > Caesar, but the first who occurs in history is Sextus Julius Caesar, praetor > in BC 208. The origin of the name is equally uncertain. Spartianus, in his > life of Aelius Verus, mentions four different opinions respecting its > origin: #That the word signified an elephant in the language of the Moors, > and was given as a surname to one of the Julii because he had killed an > elephant. #That it was given to one of the Julii because he had been cut > (caesus) out of his mother's womb after her death; or #Because he had been > born with a great quantity of hair (caesaries) on his head; or #Because he > had azure-colored (caesii) eyes of an almost supernatural kind.
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He accepted, or appeared to accept, the cognomen of Nero conferred upon him by the shouts of the populace, whom his comparative youth and the effeminacy of his appearance reminded of their lost favourite. Nero's statues were again set up, his freedmen and household officers reinstalled (including the young castrated boy Sporus whom Nero had taken in marriage and Otho also would live intimately with), and the intended completion of the Golden House announced. At the same time, the fears of the more sober and respectable citizens were relieved by Otho's liberal professions of his intention to govern equitably, and by his judicious clemency towards Aulus Marius Celsus, a consul-designate and devoted adherent of Galba. Otho soon realized that it was much easier to overthrow an emperor than rule as one: according to Suetonius Otho once remarked that "playing the Long Pipes is hardly my trade" (i.e.
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Veturia at the Feet of Coriolanus by Gaspare Landi Gaius Marcius (Caius Martius) Coriolanus () was a Roman general who is said to have lived in the 5th century BC. He received his toponymic cognomen "Coriolanus" because of his exceptional valor in a Roman siege of the Volscian city of Corioli. He was subsequently exiled from Rome, and led troops of Rome's enemy the Volsci to besiege the city. In later ancient times, it was generally accepted by historians that Coriolanus was a real historical individual, and a consensus narrative story of his life appeared, retold by leading historians such as Livy, Plutarch, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus. More recent scholarship has cast doubt on the historicity of Coriolanus, with some portraying him as either a wholly legendary figure or at least disputing the accuracy of the conventional story of his life or the timing of the events.
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Hasdrubal (died 250 BC) was a Carthaginian general who served during the middle years of the First Punic War, fought between Carthage and Rome, and took a leading part in three of the four major field battles of the war. He was a citizen of the city state of Carthage, which was in what is now Tunisia. His date of birth and age at death are both unknown, as are his activities prior to his coming to prominence in 255 BC. Modern historians distinguish him from other Carthaginians named Hasdrubal by the cognomen "son of Hanno". Hasdrubal was one of three Carthaginian generals, possibly the senior, who took command of the army raised when the Romans invaded North Africa in 255 BC. He was responsible for the decision to march against the Romans late in the year and was present at the Battle of Adys where the Carthaginians were routed.
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The inscription was formerly found outside the church of St. Secundus, where it had been copied from a presumed original. At the turn of the twentieth century, it was generally held to be fake, a forgery in support of a local legend that Pontius Pilate died in exile in Ameria. The more recent scholars Alexander Demandt and Henry MacAdam both believe that the inscription is genuine, but attests to a person who simply had the same cognomen as Pontius Pilate. MacAdam argues that "[i]t is far easier to believe that this very fragmentary inscription prompted the legend of Pontius Pilate’s association with the Italian village of Ameria [...] than it is to posit someone forging the inscription two centuries ago—quite creatively, it would seem—to provide substance for the legend." minted by Pontius Pilate Reverse: Greek letters ΤΙΒΕΡΙΟΥ ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ and date LIS (year 16 = AD 29/30) surrounding simpulum.
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Arriving in Narni, Livius attempted to block the advance of the Carthaginian army invading the Italian peninsula. Encountering Carthaginians near Fanum in the spring of 207 BC, Livius, reinforced by the army of his colleague Nero, defeated the Carthaginians in the decisive Battle of the Metaurus, killing their commander Hasdrubal, the brother of Hannibal. Following the Roman victory, Livius returned to Rome, where he and Nero were awarded a triumph in 206 BC. Livius remained as proconsul, defending Etruria (modern day Tuscany and Umbria) between 206-205 BC and later Cisalpine Gaul from 204 BC until the end of the war. Livius was elected censor, again with Gaius Claudius Nero, in 204 BC. This was marred by constant quarreling with Nero, particularly concerning a salt tax (inspiring his cognomen Salinator, which would be adopted by his descendants, including the Roman admiral Gaius Livius Salinator), as well as his vendetta against those responsible for his trial, continuing until his death several years later.
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Citizens did not normally change tribes when they moved from one region to another; but the censors had the power to punish a citizen by expelling him from one of the rural tribes and assigning him to one of the urban tribes. In later periods, most citizens were enrolled in tribes without respect to geography. Precisely when it became common to include the name of a citizen's tribus as part of his full nomenclature is uncertain. The name of the tribe normally follows the filiation and precedes any cognomina, suggesting that it occurred before the cognomen was recognized as a formal part of the Roman name; so probably no later than the second century BC. However, in both writing and inscriptions, the tribus is found with much less frequency than other parts of the name; so the custom of including it does not seem to have been deeply ingrained in Roman practice.
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While his paternal family was from the Volscian town of Velletri, approximately to the south-east of Rome, Augustus was born in the city of Rome on 23 September 63 BC.Day and month according to the Roman calendar, see Suetonius (2013), §5, footnote a}} He was born at Ox Head, a small property on the Palatine Hill, very close to the Roman Forum. He was given the name Gaius Octavius Thurinus, his cognomen possibly commemorating his father's victory at Thurii over a rebellious band of slaves which occurred a few years after his birth.Suetonius, Augustus 75–6 on-line text. Suetonius wrote: "There are many indications that the Octavian family was in days of old a distinguished one at Velitrae; for not only was a street in the most frequented part of town long ago called Octavian, but an altar was shown there besides, consecrated by an Octavius. This man was leader in a war with a neighbouring town ..." Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus," 1 (J.
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The Cornelii Scipiones derived their surname from a legend in which the first of the family served as a staff (scipio) for his blind father. Since the first of the Scipiones seems to have borne the cognomen Maluginensis, he would seem to have been the son of Publius Cornelius Maluginensis, one of the consular tribunes in 404 BC. The Scipiones produced numerous consuls and several prominent generals, of whom the most celebrated were Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus and Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus. Members of this family held the highest offices of the Roman state from the beginning of the fourth century BC down to the second century of the Empire, a span of nearly six hundred years. Its members bore a large number of additional surnames, including Barbatus, "bearded", Scapula, "shoulder blade", Asina, "she-ass", Calvus, "bald", Hispallus, "little Spaniard", Nasica, "nosed", and Corculum, "little heart", in addition to those derived from their military exploits: Africanus and Asiaticus.
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Gaius, Iulius, and Caesar are Caesar's praenomen, nomen, and cognomen, respectively. In modern English usage, his full name might be something like "Gaius Iulius, the Caesar" or "Gaius Caesar of the Iulians", where 'Caesar' denoted him as a member of the 'Caesarian' family branch of the 'Iulian' clan or Iulii in proper Latin, and 'Gaius' was his personal name. Though contemporary writers sometimes referred to him as "Gaius Caesar," the name's historical usage was not the same as it is in the 21st century. Caesar's grand-nephew, Gaius Octavius Thurinus, duly took the full name "Gaius Julius Caesar" upon Caesar's posthumous adoption of him in 44 BC (while legally he should have been "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus", and was/is called as such by contemporaries and historians, he himself never used either of his original surnames again), and the name of Caesar became fused with the imperial dignity after Octavianus became the first Roman Emperor, Augustus; in this sense it is preserved in the German and Bulgarian words Kaiser and Tsar (sometimes spelled Czar), both of which refer to an emperor.
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Many times women needed unofficial names to differenciate them between their relatives, this was often done with the help of suffixes, for example the diminutive suffix illa/ila (alternatively ulla/ula or olla/ola) meaning "small" or "little" was used often, for example: Julilla for a young Julia, Drusilla for a young Drusa. The suffix dervived from the word ulla which was the word for a little pit and could be used to denote that the woman in question was a younger relative of someone with the same name, that she was still a little girl, or simply implying affection, for example Cicero's daughter Tullia was called by him "Tulliola" even as an adult despite not having any older sisters or other notable female relatives. The suffix was not always added to the end of the nomen or cognomen, but sometimes also to a woman's numeral, for example, Brutus' sister Junia Tertia was nicknamed Tertulla. Another suffix used was ina/inna which would imply relative of, for example "Agrippina was the daughter of Agrippa" or "Messalina was the daughter of Messala".
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Even after the development of the nomen and cognomen, filiation remained a useful means of distinguishing between members of a large family. "Dedicated by the emperor Caesar, son of the divine Marcus Antoninus Pius, brother of the divine Commodus, grandson of the divine Antoninus Pius, great-grandson of the divine Hadrian, great-great-grandson of the divine Trajan, conqueror of Parthia, great-great-great-grandson of the divine Nerva, Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus Arabicus Adiabenicus, father of his country, Pontifex Maximus, holding the tribunician power for the fourth year, in the eighth year of his imperium, consul for the second time; and Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar" Filiations were normally written between the nomen and any cognomina, and abbreviated using the typical abbreviations for praenomina, followed by for filius or filia, and sometimes for nepos (grandson) or neptis (granddaughter). Thus, the inscription means "Spurius Postumius Albus Regillensis, of Aulus the son, of Publius the grandson". "Tiberius Aemilius Mamercinus, the son of Lucius and grandson of Mamercus" would be written .
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The different ancient sources covering the year 430 BC are in disagreement in regards to the identity of both the consuls and the censors of this year. The two consuls are traditionally identified as Gaius Papirius Crassus and Lucius Julius Iulus, but the praenomens varies between sources. Cicero names them _Publius_ Papirius and Gaius Julius; Diodorus names them _Gaius_ Papirius and Lucius Junius; and Cassiodorus names them _Lucius_ Papirius and Lucius Julius. The majority of our other sources do not specify a praenomen and only give the cognomen of Crassus and Iulus. Gaius and Lucius are both prominently used within the Papiria gens, while Publius as a praenomen does not see use until the late Republic, some 300 years after this consul. Following Diodorus thus gives us a Gaius Papirius Crassus as a different individual to that of the Lucius Papirius Crassus, consul of 436 BC, while if one follows Cassiodorus then this consul of 430 BC should probably be identified as the same person as the consul of 436 BC.Cicero, Rep.
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The Mambilla Plateau, cradle of the Bantu- speaking peoples (Zeitlyn & Connell, 2003; Griffith, 2007; Martin, 2009),and continuously inhabited for over four millennia by the same Mambillobantu culture, is found in the southeastern part of Taraba State of Nigeria under Sardauna local government area (the former Mambilla District set up in January 1940, which became known as 'Mambilla Local Authority' of Mambilla Division in 1970, and then as 'Mambilla Local Government Area' in 1981). The current 'Sardauna' title is believed to be an inappropriate cognomen for this historically famous spot in Africa, given that the combination of three local government areas in one, which was the tenuous basis for the new appellation, has since ceased to exist. The false premise of a "sardauna" "discovering" the area is untenable, since the entire former Northern Cameroon Province headquartered at Mubi has since reverted to the use of their various true names. The people of the Mambilla Plateau are equally entitled to their ancient and historical identity and to be appropriately named, just as all other areas in the defunct "Sardauna" Province.
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Lucifer the Lightbearer, an influential American free love journal According to Harman, the mission of Lucifer the Lightbearer was "to help woman to break the chains that for ages have bound her to the rack of man-made law, spiritual, economic, industrial, social and especially sexual, believing that until woman is roused to a sense of her own responsibility on all lines of human endeavor, and especially on lines of her special field, that of reproduction of the race, there will be little if any real advancement toward a higher and truer civilization". The name was chosen because "Lucifer, the ancient name of the Morning Star, now called Venus, seems to us unsurpassed as a cognomen for a journal whose mission is to bring light to the dwellers in darkness". In February 1887, the editors and publishers of Lucifer were arrested after the journal ran afoul of the Comstock Act for the publication of a letter condemning forced sex within marriage, which the author identified as rape. The Comstock Act specifically prohibited the discussion of marital rape.
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The most familiar etymology of this praenomen was given by Gaius Plinius Secundus, and followed by Sextus Pompeius Festus, who derived it from the verb caedere, "to cut," and explained that it was originally given to a child who was cut from the mother's womb, in the operation that came to be known as the Caesarean section.Gaius Plinius Secundus, Naturalis HistoriaSextus Pompeius Festus, epitome by Paulus Diaconus This seems to be a reasonable etymology for the name of the operation, but it is probably an example of false etymology with respect to the name Caeso, as well as the cognomen Caesar, which appears to derive from the same root. Marquardt and Mommsen, while still deriving the name from caedere, speculated that Caeso was somehow connected with the lashings administered by the Luperci, or "brotherhood of the wolf," a body of priests, during the festival of the Lupercalia. As the Luperci ran about the ancient city wall, dressed in animal skins and carrying leather thongs, girls and young women would gather along the route to receive lashes, which were believed to promote fertility.
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Beginning around the 12th century, some Chinese scholars began to doubt the historical existence of Sunzi, primarily on the grounds that he is not mentioned in the historical classic The Commentary of Zuo (Zuo zhuan 左傳), which mentions most of the notable figures from the Spring and Autumn period. The name "Sun Wu" () does not appear in any text prior to the Records of the Grand Historian, and has been suspected to be a made-up descriptive cognomen meaning "the fugitive warrior": the surname "Sun" is glossed as the related term "fugitive" (xùn ), while "Wu" is the ancient Chinese virtue of "martial, valiant" (wǔ ), which corresponds to Sunzi's role as the hero's doppelgänger in the story of Wu Zixu. Unlike Sun Wu, Sun Bin appears to have been an actual person who was a genuine authority on military matters, and may have been the inspiration for the creation of the historical figure "Sunzi" through a form of euhemerism. In 1972, the Yinqueshan Han slips were discovered in two Han dynasty (206 BC – AD 220) tombs near the city of Linyi in Shandong Province.
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Speratus, "Letter 1 – No Title," The Weekly Magazine of Original Essays, Fugitive Pieces, and Interesting Intelligence Mar 17, 1798; 1, 7; American Periodicals Series Online: 202 Using newspaper stories and other real life events to draw upon for his novels was a well-known device of Brown's, such as in the case of Wieland, though the authenticity of this claim in the case of either Sky-Walk or Edgar Huntly is in doubt, as the newspaper which Brown claims to have read the inspirational story in does not appear to have been available to him.Edgar Huntly.., Bibliographical entries II, III The advertisement espouses similar conceptions of the moral obligation of literature to that which Brockden Brown also maintained, criticizing popular literature as “deficient” in its lack of “views into human nature and all the subtleties of reasoning”. The cognomen “Speratus” was popular among contributors to periodicals and was one that Charles Brockden Brown used himself. This knowledge gives scholars reason to believe that the advertisement was written by Brown, and most tend to attribute the comments made in the advertisement to Brown rather than to the unknown Speratus.
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The tria nomina, consisting of praenomen, nomen and cognomen, which are today regarded as a distinguishing feature of Roman culture, first developed and spread throughout Italy in pre-Roman times. Most of the people of Italy spoke languages belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family; the three major groups within the Italian Peninsula were the Latino-Faliscan languages, including the tribes of the Latini, or Latins, who formed the core of the early Roman populace, and their neighbors, the Falisci and Hernici; the Oscan languages, including the Sabines, who also contributed to early Roman culture, as well as the Samnites, and many other peoples of central and southern Italy; and the Umbrian languages, spoken by the Umbri of the Central Apennines, the rustic Picentes of the Adriatic coast, and the Volsci. In addition to the Italic peoples was the Etruscan civilization, whose language was unrelated to Indo-European, but who exerted a strong cultural influence throughout much of Italy, including early Rome.Oxford Classical Dictionary, 2nd Ed. (1970) The Italic nomenclature system cannot clearly be attributed to any one of these cultures, but seems to have developed simultaneously amongst each of them, perhaps due to constant contact between them.
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