They treat them like disposable chattel, to work until they die.
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Indigenous peoples here were also included in chattel slavery during periods.
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Chattel slavery, from the moment slave ships rolled up onto Sullivan's Island.
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America's history with slavery is complex, including the chattel trade of Native Americans.
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The rebellion collapsed by 1865, and with it the institution of chattel slavery.
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Some were indentured servants, not lifelong vassals: chattel slavery had yet to be codified.
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If you were under contract to him, you were like a piece of chattel.
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Of course, Sophie is appalled when she meets Ochs, who treats her like chattel.
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It was deployed to help justify colonial rule in Africa and chattel slavery in America.
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The main products offered within the portfolio are chattel mortgage (66.2%) and consumer loans (33.5%).
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And chattel slavery did come up in the Handmaid's Tale writer's room, according to Miller.
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And surely, we have failed when our sons grow up to treat women as chattel.
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His grandmother was married to a man born in the final year of chattel slavery.
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The main products offered within the portfolio are chattel mortgage (65.7%) and consumer loans (34%).
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A time when war was declared against the black female body and she was considered chattel.
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In 28503, the first Africans arrived in Virginia as property, an arrangement that became chattel economics.
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Abolitionists had no difficulty defending the morality of their position, given the horrors of chattel slavery.
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These devastating trends reduce pregnant women to chattel whose duties to the state revolve around pregnancy.
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"The record business has a long history of treating artists like chattel slavery," Mr. Jampol said.
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As a black person, she faces a legacy of state violence that dates back to chattel slavery.
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People of color were treated as chattel, derided as "savages" and enslaved and degraded at every turn.
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On the question of chattel slavery, evangelicals do not just appear as the abolitionists Gerson cites approvingly.
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I did not want to render Native people invisible, but this was a story about chattel slavery.
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Did the 13th prohibit only chattel bondage or extend to other elements of slavery, including racial inequality?
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These marriage practices not only cast women as chattel, but also create widespread resentment among young men.
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The Confederate States of America was founded for the purpose of maintaining white supremacy and chattel slavery.
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They have a pretty grim view of human life, treating employees as chattel and other citizens as expendable.
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In that work she recast the violence of chattel slavery as room-sized, cartoon-like black paper tableaux.
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Academic institutions across the United States are undergoing an unprecedented examination of their institutional ties to chattel slavery.
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Let's start at the beginning: Chattel slavery in America is not merely "something that happened" 150 years ago.
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Women and girls were little more than chattel, and the list of restrictions on their movement was endless.
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In 1860, if you had talked about eliminating chattel slavery, people would have said that was completely impossible.
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"I'm from a place where I saw the ruins of chattel slave trade everywhere around me," he said.
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Our colleges and universities should no longer treat student athletes as chattel, but as the valued individuals they are.
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But it was widely criticized because 400 years of chattel slavery, the Jim Crow era and history in general.
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The resistance to Reconstruction gave this country the intolerable reality of segregation—but it did not reintroduce chattel slavery.
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Give salmon a chance to outsmart the net in the open ocean, instead of living an aquacultural-chattel life.
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Any close examination of their history shows pretty evidently that they rest on the assumption that women are chattel.
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Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads Steve Locke's racial imaginings uncover the quiet nuances of American history since chattel slavery.
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Audiences are not idly entertained by apocalypses where women are chattel and queer folk are driven underground — metaphorically or literally.
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That means supporting reparations to black people for the lasting impacts of chattel slavery, Jim Crow, redlining, and mass incarceration.
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We are a nation founded on the genocide of Native Americans, with a legal system created to maintain chattel slavery.
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His primary task as human chattel was to exhume cadavers that were used for training white Georgia Medical College students.
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Since that Federal Trade Commission meeting in 1997, the line was never drawn, and people did become chattel for commerce.
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Since that Federal Trade Commission meeting in 1997, the line was never drawn, and people did become chattel for commerce.
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Sterling Stuckey (20183–22018), historian and author who specialized in the history of American chattel slavery, culture, and the arts.
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Zama's officiousness is matched by his misanthropy, and he gives less thought to the fates of slaves than to his chattel.
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From these comments, it would be easy to conclude that DeVos was bringing back coverture and chattel laws to our campuses.
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A profound exploration into how the history of chattel slavery and colonialism in America exists in and impacts our present moment.
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He regularly rants against an American system of "federal chattel," as he warns his listeners of the white devil and Armageddon.
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The plight of livestock animals has been compared to Holocaust victims; captive whales at SeaWorld have been likened to chattel slaves.
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In 1772, a British court ruled that, although chattel slavery was legal in the colonies, it was illegal in Britain itself.
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Lee, who fought to prevent the expansion of rights (including the right to not be owned as chattel) to black Americans.
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This lie is built on a myth that has been sold since the days of chattel slavery, that blacks are inherently criminal.
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From Indigenous nations who engaged in chattel slavery, to those nations who did not, kinship ties were formed under many different contexts.
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Although told from the point of view of a young woman considered chattel, it's not merely a critique of imperialism or patriarchy.
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Last summer, a federal judge in San Diego said the Trump administration treated immigrant children detained at the border worse than chattel.
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Moore's affection for the America of chattel slavery was shocking but not surprising, because he has long palled around with white nationalists.
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The system of chattel slavery that took hold in the United States was founded in a similar destruction of human bodies for profit.
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"Finally a product that combines everything I hate: wine, marketing, unbridled capitalism and authoritarian patriarchal dystopias where women are chattel!" another person tweeted .
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She says she is kept like a chattel, while he spends her money on drugs and weekends in massage parlours in neighbouring Bahrain.
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" "You have two different uses for family separation: One was to dehumanize people, so that they could be treated like chattel during slavery.
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America's gravest moral evil, chattel slavery, was defeated by an authoritarian president in a religious civil war, not by proceduralism or constitutional debate.
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So, a week from today, we'll learn what happens to June (Elisabeth Moss), the 30-something book editor and mother turned child-bearing chattel.
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As old neighborhood favorites have fallen away (farewell Death by Audio, Moon River Chattel), a new generation has set up shop in South Williamsburg.
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Chattel in a two-year deal struck between her family and some American importers, Afong (Shannon Tyo) is just 14 when the play begins.
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My work is constructed entirely of Lenox 100 paper (a 100% domestic cotton paper that references Virginia's history of chattel slavery) and acrylic paint.
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These men and boys are literally speaking about Monse as though she's chattel, as opposed to a living, breathing human person with her own sexuality.
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Owning human chattel — and offering intellectual and political defenses of the institution of American slavery — is an important and dishonorable part of Thomas Jefferson's legacy.
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One of Lemmons's achievements is to show that their freedom, rather than mitigating the horrors of chattel slavery, emphasizes its cruelty and also its moral dishonesty.
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The atrocities of communism under Stalin and Mao were new; so was the trans-Atlantic chattel slave trade; so was the genocidal conquest of the Americas.
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Of course there was no water left, of course the trees were gone, of course women were chattel and men were mostly insane, tumor-engorged barbarians.
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The resistance of the enslaved themselves, epitomized in the "unthinkable" Haitian revolution (1791-1804) that ended chattel slavery in the country, is excised from the frame.
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Through varying approaches, these artists examine the ongoing repercussions of chattel slavery with a focus on property, reparations, and the medical industrial and prison-industrial complexes.
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From the beginning of black chattel slavery in what became the United States, African-American workers have sought to take control over their lives and work.
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The Civil War may have ended chattel slavery, but the 13th Amendment had a fatal flaw, allowing for an exception from free labor for the incarcerated.
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Nobody has to grow up, especially middle-aged men, who are free to do practically nothing all day except talk about women as if they are chattel.
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I have hope when I look at the past of this country: There was a time when the idea of an America without chattel slavery seemed impossible.
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That context cannot be divorced from the image of the MAGA hat any more than the Confederate flag can be divorced from the brutality of chattel slavery.
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Who is made whole by Walker's decontextualized images of violence correlated with race, gender, sex, and with chattel slavery and the social practices devolving from that historical circumstance?
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It's, again, it's a model that's, besides regular chattel slavery in the U.S. that's been here, but you know, you had the coal mining towns that did that.
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It has also extracted human chattel from the stream of refugees passing through its territory, according to the accounts of Fisehaye and the other survivors who were interviewed.
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But how else can a woman artist change the world to suit her needs — to announce herself as neither object nor chattel — than with what is around her?
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The liberal megadonor George Soros is, at one point, falsely depicted as a possible Nazi collaborator, and chattel slavery is described as a byproduct of socialist economic policy.
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At a CNN town hall in March in Jackson, Mississippi, she talked boldly about the enduring stain of chattel slavery and her plans to address lingering racial inequality.
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Prior to that, the flow of people was largely controlled on a state-by-state basis, due to slavery and the Confederate States wanting control over their human chattel.
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Our new president campaigned directly to those white people who are terrified by our resolve to not merely survive, but to represent America as something other than demoralized chattel.
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As long as the big airlines face neither rigorous competition nor a diligent government watchdog, they will be able to treat customers like chattel and get away with it.
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The novels and show use systems of reproduction under chattel slavery and the Underground Railroad as an allegory to primarily focus on the treatment of middle-class white women.
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An ordeal in a hotel room where he attempted to treat me like chattel that could be purchased with the promise of work in exchange for being his disposable orifice.
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Chattel enslavement thrived by means of the killing, torturing, and policing Black masculinity and sexuality in ways that still make many, including those in the Black queer community, feel unsafe.
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Carlson conflated so many eras of enslavement, showing such a lack of knowledge about how multigenerational chattel slavery in America is different, that I feared the country absorbing this misinformation.
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Though the end of the US Civil War signaled a theoretical end to chattel slavery, the mechanics of bondage were reiterated through racially discriminatory laws, racial violence, and mass incarceration.
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As a nine-year-old, I was unaware of Lee's history of violently beating his enslaved workers, committing war crimes against Black Union soldiers, and capturing free men for chattel.
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Yazidi women are treated as "chattel" at slave markets and some are sold back to their families for $10,000 to $40,000 after captivity and multiple rapes, according to the report.
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Psychiatrist and postcolonial thinker Frantz Fanon and Black feminist scholar Hortense Spillers argue that desire is shaped by broader social forces like colonialism and the legacy of chattel slavery, respectively.
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Our existence within the confines of racial capitalism and the afterlife of slavery promotes the cavalier use of these types of images, drawing a direct line back to chattel slavery.
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Delbanco traces how the compromises of the Constitution, along with the long history of compromise in the century that followed, tried to paper over the violent reality of chattel slavery.
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And how does it memorialize the distinctive crime of chattel slavery to conflate the native-black experience with immigrant struggles — which are real enough, but not remotely the same thing?
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The state's language closely resembles a contested passage that remains in the US Constitution 13th Amendment, which outlawed chattel slavery, but allowed those convicted of crimes to be forced into labor.
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"I think that women are being depicted as chattel," Speier said in an interview with CNN's Alisyn Camerota on "New Day" when asked about state bills that would limit abortion procedures.
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Given a chance to voice her opinions, we find out that Violet is pissed at her dad for marrying her off "like chattel" to get magic back into the Hightower bloodline.
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While several projects have been made about American chattel slavery for the big and small screen, one that focuses on the coordinated resistance of enslaved people fighting back is long overdue.
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There are lots of rousing speeches, and some poignant dialogue from characters who call out others for not realizing the desperate straits of those the Empire treats as all but chattel.
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In 1848, 15 years before President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, enslaved Virgin Islanders under Danish rule organized and executed their own armed rebellion and won their freedom from chattel slavery.
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The space that once held a shrine to the commander of the Confederate States Army will be left untouched — a reminder of the university's, and the nation's, relationship with chattel slavery.
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"Rape is a heinous crime based on entitlement and on the false assumption that women are chattel, to be owned, to be punished according to the whims of men," it said.
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Although chattel slavery is long gone, many of the pernicious ideas that underpinned it remain and manifest themselves in everything from our legal system to the way we communicate with each other.
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The Lost Cause, a revisionist history movement that downplayed the evil that was American chattel slavery and turned Confederate soldiers into heroes—think Gone with the Wind—didn't only infect white Southerners.
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During the height of the interstate slave trade, when Richmond trailed only New Orleans in sales, Lumpkin's was arguably the most infamous slave jail in the center of the city's chattel business.
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And the beneficiaries of the apology, descendants of slaves who are held up as eternal certified moral icons of state victimization, are not in any way the actual victims of chattel slavery.
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Legally speaking, Cai isn't really a deity—she's an NYU Film Studies MA, with another degree in psychology—nor is her subject, b, arguably the star of Continuous Beings, really human chattel.
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In large parts of Afghanistan, daughters are still considered chattel property, to be traded to settle debts or blood feuds, a practice known as baad, or married off to strengthen familial alliances.
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The problem is we've seen far more evidence that she has deep sympathy for the downtrodden, seemingly born of she herself being treated like chattel in the early phases of this story.
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Yet in the darkness of chattel slavery, the enslaved were able to sustain enough of their humanity to maintain a light of hope for a better day, for freedom and for equality.
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My most valuable discovery was the work of Christina Sharpe, a scholar of breathtaking range whose most recent book is "In the Wake," about the aftershocks of chattel slavery in the Americas.
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The discovery led to efforts to dismantle a multimillion-dollar smuggling enterprise, and the traffickers soon abandoned their human chattel in jungle camps or in crowded vessels adrift in the Andaman Sea.
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They're held as rape slaves by a theocratic patriarchy, and even if they theoretically outnumber their oppressors, they're systemically kept down by a government that believes them to be little more than chattel.
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White people have never stopped learning about the many manifestations of anti-black racism, from chattel slavery to the 13th Amendment to segregation and what amounts to state-sanctioned murder and, yes, blackface.
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In The Handmaid's Tale, Hulu's recent Emmy-winning adaptation of another Atwood novel, patriarchy is stretched to a dystopian dimension, with fertile women made to serve as childbearing chattel for those in power.
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The League will continue to operate in a manner that's more reminiscent of chattel slavery than any particular sporting endeavor, because it hasn't stopped fans (yet), and the owners haven't felt it (yet).
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One of the guys from Swedish House Mafia tricked a nanny into moving to Sweden and treated her like "human chattel" before firing her ... if you buy the nanny's account in a lawsuit.
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The court assumed that its purpose was fulfilled when chattel slavery vanished and rejected claims that various forms of racial inequality that persisted amounted to "badges of slavery" against which Congress could legislate.
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All too often, a Rohingya woman is fated to be passed, like chattel, from man to man — father to husband, soldier to sex trafficker — even in the supposed safety of the refugee camp.
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And the way we approach it is to demand reparations for chattel slavery, for the Jim Crow era, for the current system mass incarceration, and economic depression and segregation, as it's impacted our community.
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The modern prison system has been built on the ashes of chattel slavery, first through the convict leasing system, then the notorious "chain gangs"—which lasted into the 1950s—up to modern mass incarceration.
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It's 1957, but Franco's isolationist policies and a powerful Catholic Church ensure that Spanish women are treated like chattel, Spanish babies lack basic medical care and Republican sympathizers end their days laboring like slaves.
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Stewart captured Somerset and planned to sell him and ship him to Jamaica, only for the chief justice, Lord Mansfield, to declare this unlawful, because chattel slavery was not supported by English common law.
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His position as a slave is so deeply ingrained in him that when a well-meaning white person addresses him as if he were a human being rather than chattel, he feels only terror.
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And while the studios tended to treat all actors like chattel (some more prized than others), women were treated especially harshly because the same sexism outside the industry can be as unforgiving inside it.
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Although the District of Columbia Emancipation Act marked the only time the federal government would compensate slaveowners, there is a longer history of slaveowners requesting and receiving indemnification for the loss of their chattel.
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Freed from a brutal system of chattel slavery, Missandei was given the opportunity to use her skills and intelligence to make a difference in the world, to forge her own identity and fall in love.
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Proponents of reparations say their argument is straightforward: America — through more than 200 years of slavery — built its wealth through the labor and very existence of the black men and women enslaved in chattel bondage.
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The jihadists have taken to using hit-and-run tactics—raiding rural settlements for food, money and human chattel—since they were rebuffed in their efforts to take and hold territory in early in 2015.
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And in testifying to their deaths at the hands of police, poverty and racist violence, they lead us back to the nation's foundational crimes of chattel slavery and genocide — as well as its energetic amnesia.
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The endgame had a great idea to work with: A woman, abused and traded like chattel, becomes so caught up in her zeal to do good that she sees anything but blind adoration as evil.
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The Handmaid's Tale exaggerated the undertones of American Puritanism that were ascendant during the Reagan era into an imagined totalitarian theocracy, one in which women were treated as chattel and forced into lives of sexual slavery.
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Described by his detractors as simply having lost the appetite for the fight, in truth he must have had a clear enough memory of what chattel slavery had been like not to confuse it with subjection.
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They noted that the progeny of an empire that transported Africans as chattel and occupied broad swaths of the Continent as a colonial power was being celebrated for marrying a person whose ancestors it likely subjugated.
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In contrast to works of art that portray the history of chattel slavery in the past tense, Slave Play puts its audience on a collision course with how this history pulses through us in the present.
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"The wedding industry routinely denies the violent conditions Black people faced under chattel slavery by promoting plantations as romantic places to marry," the organization wrote to the Knot Worldwide executives in a letter obtained by BuzzFeed.
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It must be that way even though black people had to survive chattel slavery, then a succession of violent white mobs who brought reconstruction to an end, then a century's worth of lynchings, then Jim Crow.
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By 303, with the Supreme Court's Loving decision, the option was gone, suggesting that the category mattered to the government only when slave holders and their sons needed a way to record children they fathered as chattel.
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While we may never know exactly why, we can speculate that it has to do with the actual limitations of freedom after chattel slavery and the devil's bargains that some people made in order to carry on.
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More personal than that, except for the native population of North America, all of us can point back to some ancestor who came to this country either above the decks of a ship or below decks as chattel.
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It was Jackson who first championed reactionary white majoritarianism, Jackson who shepherded this country toward a mass democracy so tied to chattel slavery, settler colonialism and white supremacy that we still struggle to disentangle ourselves from their legacies.
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In a fusion of ancient barbaric practices and modern technology, ISIS sells the women like chattel on smartphone apps and shares databases that contain their photographs and the names of their "owners" to prevent their escape through ISIS checkpoints.
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Cartagena, a top tourist destination famous for its colonial walled ramparts, was the home to Saint Peter Claver, a Spanish priest who ministered to slaves in Colombia in the 1600s, defying Spanish colonial masters who treated them as chattel.
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"Wearing black on the runway is all well and good, but it will only make a difference when women stop dressing and showing themselves as chattel," a reader named Harriet Levy wrote on The New York Times's Facebook page.
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Martin Luther King Jr. But it is not really true that the crucial turning point in the African-American relationship to America, the abolition of chattel slavery, was accomplished by activists working painstakingly within a system of liberal constitutionalism.
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Indeed, it's possible to imagine terrible things like chattel slavery and large-scale pollution as products of capitalism, and in turn to understand capitalism as a development that both preceded the Enlightenment and can be viewed as separate from it.
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But while plans for a Valongo memorial park languish in bureaucratic limbo, a polished statue of the Viscount of Mauá, the legendary Rockefeller-like figure of Brazil's 20123th-century chattel economy, watches over a refurbished plaza along the Olympic Boulevard.
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As the telephone operators of the 1950s demonstrate, a good vocal user interface is one that does not draw attention to itself or its labour, one who is there to help us as a faithful chattel, but never an equal.
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It's further worth pointing out that millenniums ago, girls were treated as chattel and sold off as child brides, a practice that no one in his or her right mind would regard as inspirational and cite as an exonerating precedent.
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Travel ____ Black infants in America are now more than twice as likely to die as white infants, a racial disparity that is actually wider than in 1850, 15 years before the end of slavery, when most black women were considered chattel.
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It is one of whiteness's operations to understand everything as self-referential, yet this is not necessarily a play aiming to educate white people, but, rather, one intended to problematize collective living in the shadow of America's original sin, chattel slavery.
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As Mr. Hall said after the Charleston massacre, neither he nor the church could live, as Mr. Sayre did, with the contradiction of supporting both the civil rights movement and a memorial to men who fought to preserve chattel slavery.
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Instead, as directed with Olympian calm by Colette Robert, the production takes on cumulative power in its steady, cleareyed depiction of a time when it was a given that pain would be borne uncomplainingly by human beings regarded as chattel.
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During the same decade, the idea of a "Black Holocaust" emerged to draw attention to centuries of atrocities endured by African Americans under chattel slavery and its aftermath; the notion took on material form in 1988 at America's Black Holocaust Museum, in Milwaukee.
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This oasis from white terrorism and chattel slavery was founded by and named after James Weeks, a longshoreman and former slave from Virginia who scraped together enough money to buy land with other black men who understood the world they lived in.
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Due to these very public associations, however, as well as his incendiary reading of chattel slavery as largely "a choice" as first reported by TMZ, commentators have begun questioning West's religion as well as his status as a black person in America.
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He begins with six pages of research — complete with citations, footnotes, and excerpts from constitutional amendments — that details the legalized objectification of slaves, seen as chattel rather than humans, and argues that present-day federal legislation continues to treat African Americans as property.
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Some activists have denounced the use of Tubman's likeness on American money at all, citing the contradiction of Black enslaved people — Tubman included — being degraded as currency under American chattel slavery, and now feigned as a marker of social progress in American capitalism.
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The show was both a condemnation of the greed within the American free market—from chattel slavery to modern exploitation—and an expression of Raymond's own personal struggles—his brand is embroiled in a lawsuit with a former business partner involving fraud accusations.
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" That new point of origin is August 1619, when the arrival of the first enslaved Africans "inaugurated a barbaric system of chattel slavery that would last for the next 250 years and form the basis for almost every aspect of American life.
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But the practice of using prison inmates for cheap or free labor is fairly widespread in the US, due to an exemption in the 13th Amendment, which abolished chattel slavery but allows involuntary servitude as part of a punishment for a crime.
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Reduced to these roles, Sony, the corporation, an entity given personhood by the law, seems to have been graced with more humanity than Kesha, an actual human, who, disgustingly, is being treated like a chattel, and ownership of her bestowed upon Sony with impunity.
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But I am arrogant enough to insist that chattel slavery is too huge a blot on humanity to exploit as a metaphor, and to observe that the political smarts my critical clan sensed in the most gifted artist of the rock era were a fantasy.
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In the film, frat bros pour beer on the breasts of non-consenting female party guests, promise pledges harems of slutty sorority girls as if they were chattel, and recruit a Joe Francis type to film all the debauchery going on in the house.
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ISIS sells the women like chattel on smartphone apps The thousands of Yazidi women and children were taken prisoner in August 2014, when ISIS fighters overran their villages in northern Iraq with the aim to eliminate the Kurdish-speaking minority because of its ancient faith.
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These marginalized individuals were understood quite literally as disposable human fertilizer for pastoralizing the American wilderness, only one facet of a settler-colonial regime's ruthless exploitation and extinguishing of human lives, which extended from indentured labor to chattel slavery to ethnic cleansing and beyond.
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Here in the United States we like to think of ourselves as exceptions to this rule — and, notwithstanding the fate of the Indian tribes and the legacy of chattel slavery, we have been more successful at combining republican self-government with racial and religious diversity.
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When wealthy planters transitioned from largely white indentured servitude to black chattel slavery in the second half of the 17th century, they feared that poor whites who labored alongside slaves and sometimes took them as lovers would rebel with them or help them escape.
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In a larger sense, the scene isn't just about the Commander punishing Serena and June for being women who disobey, but about him reasserting his own right to be the single person in the family with the power to break the rules and control the human chattel.
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"Noura and indeed the women and girls of Sudan have too often been treated as chattel to be traded and given away as though they are property and as though they have no rights," activists with the Justice for Noura campaign said in a statement on Thursday.
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She's perfect in this fascinating Hulu adaptation of The Handmaid's Tale, the famous Margaret Atwood dystopian novel about a newly Puritanical, totalitarian America where women become the chattel, birthing vessels and (as Atwood puts it) "ambulatory chalices" of a male political class and their infertile wives.
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And while I am completely sober in my knowledge that it was the evil of white folks that kept my ancestors in bondage for centuries, I found myself struggling to come to terms with those who worked with white traders to move black bodies into chattel slavery.
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Since the actual market value of this human chattel was set at 19703 million pounds, Parliament decreed that my enslaved Guyanese ancestors had to work as unpaid "apprentices" for a period of several years after the owners cashed out to pay off the rest of their own market value.
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I feel like the story of American chattel slavery and this incredible cultural tradition, built up within a community of people who were victims and often seen as incapable of standing up for themselves, is such a powerful story that I want the whole world to know about it.
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"Twisting the word of God in defense of immoral practices was a tactic used to justify keeping Black people in chattel slavery, committing genocide against Native Americans and segregating people under Jim Crow," said Barber and Liz Theoharis, co-chairs of the Poor People&aposs Campaign, in a separate statement.
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However much we love to pretend otherwise, the legitimacy of segregation and chattel slavery is inscribed in many of our most hallowed rhetorical and constitutional traditions—and extend right up into the present, as the Trump White House and the rise of the alt-right remind us nearly every day.
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This is just one of the numerous intriguing threads Altered Carbon invites viewers to tug on until they find their way to its center, which is, ultimately, a story about how technology will eventually allow the rich to become vampires, more or less, and turn the rest of us into their chattel.
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The result will be not a utopia but merely another society, with its own unanticipated defects to correct, though with some of the worst injustices—tearing the limbs from people or keeping them as perpetual chattel or depriving half the population of the right to speak to their own future—gone, we hope for good.
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Its function as a survival practice was first articulated by Black writers of the Harlem Renaissance, like Nella Larsen, to describe the experience of light-skinned Black Americans passing as white, both intentionally and unintentionally, during and after the period of chattel slavery in order to access wealth, privilege, and safety that a racist society would not afford them.
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The country was founded on the brutal genocide and dispossession of its native population, relied on chattel slavery as a cornerstone of its economic development, fought a deadly civil war, had the outcome of that war challenged by a largely successful campaign of terrorist violence, and by the 1940s was locking up the Japanese-American population in internment camps.
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Black infants in America are now more than twice as likely to die as white infants — 213 per 212,21600 black babies, compared with 4.9 per 1,000 white babies, according to the most recent government data — a racial disparity that is actually wider than in 1850, 15 years before the end of slavery, when most black women were considered chattel.
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In fresh tweets Thursday morning, Donald Trump, a life-long New Yorker with no personal or familial connection whatsoever to the Confederate States of America, once again stood up for the principle that honoring the leaders of a 19th century rebellion whose goal was to entrench the institution of chattel slavery is similar to honoring the founders of the United States of America.
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When the television series "The Handmaid's Tale," based on Margaret Atwood's disturbingly prescient novel, debuted in 2017, many of us who fight for reproductive freedom, myself included, abstained from watching it because there was nothing entertaining about a show set in a world where women have no rights, where women are chattel, only as valuable as what their wombs issue.
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While no amount of money can begin to overcome hundreds of years of chattel slavery and its present day vestiges, reparations may assume any number of other forms, according to the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America, such as land, economic and community development, exoneration of political prisoners, scholarships, racially unjust laws and the freeing of political prisoners, even resources for those who want to repatriate to Africa.
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