In other words, the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules were illegal — but amateurism had to be preserved.
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Let's start with the NCAA rulebook, and its description of our old friend amateurism: 2.9 The Principle of Amateurism.
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People still think about amateurism as some sort of moral bloody category and it's worth remembering amateurism was about excluding the working classes.
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Here is how the NCAA describes the "bedrock principle" of amateurism: Maintaining amateurism is crucial to preserving an academic environment in which acquiring a quality education is the first priority.
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Amateurism does nothing to serve athletes or improve our college experiences.
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Regular listeners might even find the hint of amateurism strangely endearing.
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Within the framework of NCAA amateurism, Miami's case was undoubtedly worse.
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Does the current amateurism status quo reflect more of the same?
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The N.C.A.A.'s main enforcement responsibilities regard amateurism and competitive balance.
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The NCAA has said it is defending amateurism in college sports.
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"I don't want to sully any material with my amateurism," he said.
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The debate over amateurism is tangentially about money, and fundamentally about control.
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What is the NCAA without the big, self-serving lie of amateurism?
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Remember: without amateurism, the association claims, the American Olympic movement will die.
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In women, any kind of autobiographical writing is often seen as amateurism.
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It was worried that drugs threatened the (ultimately discarded) idea of amateurism.
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Read more: Can NCAA remain step ahead of latest threat to amateurism?
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Because, it said, cash compensation not related to education would damage amateurism.
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Look, none of this is particularly complicated; only amateurism makes it fuzzy.
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Ballet professionals associated youth dance competitions with vulgarity and amateurism, not excellence.
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It is regarded a significant blow to the NCAA's system of amateurism.
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Sometimes all that quiet and stillness comes off as bashful, as amateurism.
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NCAA antitrust lawsuit, which is currently the biggest threat to NCAA amateurism.
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That enforced concept of "amateurism" forms the core of the college sports product.
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When it comes to arguments over NCAA amateurism, race definitely seems to matter.
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Because of N.C.A.A. amateurism rules, signing with an agent remains a red line.
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This amateurism generates the book's raison d'être and, most important, its good faith.
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But eSports players don't need college sports, or amateurism, because other leagues exist.
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The bigger issue, as Cecil sees it, is the whole idea of amateurism.
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On viewing sewing as an art: "Serious amateurism" is really important to me!
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There was a hyper-amateurism in the composition and in the sound back then.
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Seeing such amateurism, their Chinese interlocutors reckoned that they had little to worry about.
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But all getting rid of amateurism did was make the Olympics bigger and better.
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The court ruled against the association, saying its amateurism rule violated the antitrust laws.
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The NCAA wants the Supreme Court to reaffirm its 1984 ruling that protected amateurism.
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Now that they've moved beyond Goldberg's loveable shaggy-dog amateurism, and now that their chief competitor is very likely going to grab onto that amateurism and make it their own, that only leaves the UFC one direction to go in: toward more professionalism.
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Before the money and the apps and the algorithms moved in, there was more ... amateurism.
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This, of course, all comes down the National Collegiate Athletics Association's archaic rules about amateurism.
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Should the court decide in favor of amateurism, the same would happen with compensation lawsuits.
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The NCAA's definition of amateurism kept developers from using the players' actual names and likenesses.
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The money has to go somewhere, even if amateurism makes that process inefficient and ridiculous.
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"He described Johnson&aposs plan as "diplomatic amateurism dressed up domestically as boldness and decisiveness.
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So by overturning NCAA amateurism, you'd be creating real wealth for thousands of young Americans.
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I've calculated that amateurism strips black athletes and their families of $2.2 billion a year.
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Moreover, college sports amateurism is a cultural tradition, the way things have always been done.
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His opponents mock his deputies' "amateurism" and accuse him of harbouring "a preference for the rich".
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The old City of public-school amateurism, late starts, early finishes and long, boozy lunches disappeared.
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The ideal relationship for a freelance journalist to their work becomes a kind of excited amateurism.
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And yet, while the NCAA's intent is color-blind, the impact of amateurism is anything but.
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This evolution has been widely hailed as a triumph of meritocracy over privilege, and professionalism over amateurism.
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Even as he has learned, Hield has been subject to the hypocrisies intrinsic to the amateurism model.
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And amateurism is hard to reconcile with the demands of training to compete with the world's best.
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To compete in the 2006 Olympics, Bloom had to seek skiing sponsors—a violation of NCAA amateurism.
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I know that people have some pretty strong views about amateurism and how far you can go.
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"(Kessler's) the biggest threat," former Northwestern University president and vocal amateurism supporter Henry Bienen told VICE Sports.
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And then there's college sports, where athletes have challenged NCAA amateurism though antitrust lawsuits and—sound familiar?
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But Article 12, which governs amateurism and athletic eligibility, is about to become especially important in California.
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His specialness, though, obscures what some suggest is the greatest injustice of college sports' policy of amateurism.
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Amateurism deprives athletes—again, predominantly black athletes—of freedoms and rights the rest of us take for granted.
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For example, we do not include potential amateurism and incompetence of the terrorist group as a security layer.
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She did so while brushing aside many of the college sports establishment's cherished arguments in favor of amateurism.
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Both parties stand to benefit from recruiting more broadly, and, up to a point, amateurism can refresh politics.
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Amateurism means you can't be compensated for playing a sport, not unless it's via a scholarship, or a cost-of-living stipend, or with laundry money—or more recently, because you're an Olympic athlete, which makes pay-for-play OK. Amateurism, in short, is whatever the NCAA says it is.
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Although proposed $5,000 per-year trust fund payments to athletes were struck down on appeal, the decision stripped the NCAA of its long-claimed antitrust immunity by subjecting it the "Rule of Reason" test—basically, the association could no longer claim amateurism protected it from antitrust claims because, well, amateurism.
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Check out VICE's "End of Amateurism" documentary segment on HBO this Friday, March 31 at 7:30pm and 11pm.
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The Polish government's efforts to defend the new law have only made things worse, creating an impression of amateurism.
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That's especially true when major college sports function as a professional league, all while hiding behind amateurism and education.
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Because besides preserving amateurism, what issue would possibly prompt athletic directors and university presidents to come to the capitol?
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There's a reason that outside of college sports, Americans don't apply amateurism to any other aspect of our lives.
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"Diplomacy and international relations do not forgive amateurism, they need a thoughtful attitude and professional approach," the party said.
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Related:Melania Trump accused of plagiarizing Michelle Obama during convention speech "It evidences an amateurism about that campaign," he added.
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Thus, the 1892 congress redefined amateurism so that it restricted those who profited by their participation in a sport.
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Not being a live product allows for every last hint of amateurism or chaos to be edited or polished away.
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The amateurism rule became a focus in the buildup to the game, as tickets were reportedly going for over $3,000.
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NCAA, another antitrust case, claiming in federal court that amateurism rules, which include scholarship limits, actually increase opportunities for athletes.
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Dick had wisely elected to race abroad very early on, understanding that British amateurism was no match for continental professionalism.
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The suit stems from the National Collegiate Athletic Association's ongoing investigation into alleged amateurism violations by the Mississippi football program.
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The state of California crashed into the N.C.A.A.'s controlled view of college amateurism, threatening to upend the model entirely.
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The NCAA moves heaven and Earth to punish those who dare violate amateurism sanctity, all while defining what the term means.
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The fact that all mango trees other than the Mulgoba died was not an effect of neglect, amateurism, or bad luck.
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In 1995, the association's Committee on Financial Aid and Amateurism found—duh—that increasing scholarship limits would increase opportunities for athletes.
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Originally when they were moving away from amateurism, the [International Olympics Committee] was worried that they would tarnish their brand, too.
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The rules of amateurism that severely curb the earning potential of college student-athletes do not apply to college student musicians.
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Besides, the NCAA has a magic formula for what counts as "pay"—which is against amateurism rules—and what does not.
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The great thing about this, though, is that it shows just how stupid the NCAA's rules on amateurism make everyone look.
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I know you've followed the O'Bannon case, as well as current antitrust cases challenging NCAA amateurism and limits on athlete compensation.
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Yet NCAA amateurism rules prevent athletes from receiving more than the value of their scholarships and small cost-of-living stipends.
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Whether that organization is deliberately scammy or just a low-utility gambit executed with slapstick amateurism is, at some point, immaterial.
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But by the typical rules of amateurism, a team that accepts any prize money would be disqualified from future Pac-12 events.
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The allegations made a mockery of N.C.A.A. amateurism rules and painted a black mark on several of the most prominent basketball programs.
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It was a remark that hinted at the commitment to aristocratic amateurism that many feel the bank has displayed for three centuries.
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It doesn't hurt anybody, and so long as athletes don't hire agents, it doesn't violate the NCAA's ever-changing definition of amateurism.
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An appeals court overturned the ruling on the payments last year but left the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules vulnerable to other challenges.
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O'Bannon may be over, but the legal fight it began — over amateurism and player compensation — remains a long way from being finished.
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In her writing, "the birth of the cool often manifests itself with a kind of willful amateurism," our reviewer, Jeff Gordinier, wrote.
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The NCAA doesn't want people like Pitino dragging the notion of amateurism (unpaid labor as a high moral calling) through the mud.
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N.C.A.A. rules prohibit student-athletes from profiting from their likeness or status as student-athletes because doing so violates principles of amateurism.
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This is a particularly strange example of amateurism at work, in which the NCAA reaps the fruits of its young athletes' labor.
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"The rules that permit, limit or forbid student-athlete compensation and benefits do not follow any coherent definition of amateurism," she said.
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In Trump, Putin saw a businessman with whom he could deal, if not also someone whose amateurism and personal weaknesses he could exploit.
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Perhaps that helps explain the racial divide in public support for amateurism, and why whites are more likely to support the status quo.
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Ludicrously, the IOC maintained the "hypocritical and ultimately forlorn" pretence of amateurism until 19680—even as Soviet athletes were amateurs in name only.
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As Julia Azari has noted, the research on political amateurism has long shown that outsiders tend to make poor stewards of the government.
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In her O'Bannon ruling, Judge Claudia Wilken wrote that the fight over amateurism would be better resolved by Congress than by the courts.
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Currently, there are several significant cases percolating in the lower courts that seek to essentially eliminate the NCAA amateurism as we know it.
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Aesthetically, Fischli and Weiss's oeuvre tends toward the extremes of amateurism and technical perfection; these playful photographs certainly fall in the former category.
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The decision "reaffirms the fundamental principles of the collegiate athletic model and of amateurism," Pacific-12 Commissioner Larry Scott said in a statement.
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And that, in turn, is teaching him that NCAA amateurism has little to do with education, and much to do with who gets what.
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While he declined to speak for the commission, its members do not include any public critics of amateurism, and some — such as the Rev.
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Kelley wrote that his school's athletic director had attended each one and that the amateurism rule had not been covered at the last meeting.
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It may reduce the draconian amateurism rules that limit an N.C.A.A. athlete's ability to benefit from his or her name, number, likeness and skill.
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The N.C.A.A. and the conferences argue that those limits are essential for promoting amateurism and enhancing the value of college sports and undergraduate education.
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But she wrote that its "amateurism" argument is fundamentally flawed, as Law360 reported, and that the NCAA has not successfully defined what an amateur is.
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Well, as a former Division I basketball player myself, let me offer a corrective: from an athlete's perspective, amateurism is both burdensome and totally irrelevant.
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But Ole Miss lives under the NCAA's amateurism rules, so now Ole Miss has to wonder what Tunsil's apparent admission means for its football program.
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And after a few months of reflection, he's now penned an angry attack on the culinary Bible, decrying its "amateurism" and the inspectors' "profound incompetence."
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Speaking of school, the NCAA also argues that amateurism is necessary because allowing college athletes to be compensated beyond a scholarship would compromise their educations.
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In a world where slickness, ambition and greed have destroyed the spirit of amateurism, here is the great and utterly hopeless amateur filling Carnegie Hall.
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The answer is that two more cases, which are both being heard by Judge Wilken, are also aimed at overturning the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules.
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Further adding to the Pac-12's dilemma is the series of lawsuits regarding amateurism that the conference (along with the NCAA) is currently fighting.
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The ever-rising cost of coaches' salaries is a concern of the N.C.A.A.'s but it makes its "amateurism" arguments look hypocritical (which they are).
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Current and former college sports officials say basketball operators likely are still connecting families of valuable prospects with money in violation of N.C.A.A. amateurism rules.
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But O. J. Simpson, another Heisman-winning Southern California running back, whose subsequent ignominy had nothing to do with violations of amateurism, still has his.
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Thanks to the National Collegiate Athletic Association's amateurism rules, however, he won't be able to realize more than a fraction of his economic value this fall.
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Critics never seemed to get over their alleged "amateurism," which, considering that none of them were actual amateurs, smacked of boring, run-of-the-mill sexism.
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Right now, amateurism in big-time college football and men's basketball acts as a sort of privately imposed payroll tax on the athletes in those sports.
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But while Dr. Ruth, Dr. Laura and Dr. Drew telegraphed their academic credentials in their names, modern sex-ed stars make an asset of their amateurism.
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Though that narrow question led to the filing of his lawsuit, it evolved into a much broader class-action suit that put amateurism itself on trial.
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If anything, he was the sort of person amateurism advocates such as NCAA president Mark Emmert tout as living proof that the system is worth preserving.
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This was not yet 40 years after the modern Games were founded on the clashing, upper-class sensibilities of noble competition, amateurism and exclusion of women.
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The documents show cash flowed to more than 25 players, an alleged violation of amateurism rules — payments ranging from meals to tens of thousands of dollars.
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But when the country finds itself taking seriously the possibility of a presidential contest between Donald Trump and Oprah Winfrey, the cult of amateurism needs rethinking.
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Federal courts have so far ruled NCAA amateurism rules don't violate antitrust law, but securing a federal carve-out for the association would require a big lift.
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Much of the Zanzibar work was shot on 35mm and conveys an ambition that was often in tension with the unabashed amateurism in which they were made.
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Ole Miss has already been investigated by the NCAA for a number of recruiting and amateurism violations, including Tunsil's use of a loaner car from a dealership.
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WITH REGARD TO MEN'S BASKETBALL: ALL RECRUITS AND THEIR FAMILIES ARE THOROUGHLY VETTED BY DUKE IN COLLABORATION WITH THE NCAA THROUGH THE ELIGIBILITY CENTER'S AMATEURISM CERTIFICATION PROCESS.
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With regard to men's basketball: all recruits and their families are thoroughly vetted by Duke in collaboration with the NCAA through the Eligibility Center's amateurism certification process.
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He was "in" with a bunch of malcontents who celebrated the idea of "inspired amateurism" from the lonely outpost of Provincetown, Massachusetts before commercialism ruined that town.
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There is plenty about the way college esports is constituted now that would appear to conflict with the N.C.A.A.'s policies, not least its regulations regarding amateurism.
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Jefferson, for instance, said Wednesday that he would enter the N.F.L. draft this spring, which could make him no longer subject to the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules.
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"Defendants nowhere define the nature of the amateurism they claim consumers insist upon," said Wilken, referring to the N.C.A.A. and several of its richest, most prominent conferences.
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The NCAA membership has adopted amateurism rules to ensure the students' priority remains on obtaining a quality educational experience and that all of student-athletes are competing equitably.
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A San Francisco–based antitrust economist, longtime critic of college sports amateurism, and—full disclosure—occasional contributor to VICE Sports, Schwarz has a plan to make it happen.
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NCAA lawsuit, an antitrust case that challenging the association's amateurism rules, found that there was no significant change in the sport's competitive balance after the implementation of limits.
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The decision is a major shift for the NCAA, which had historically been steadfast in prohibiting college athletes from being paid, in order to preserve its amateurism rules.
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Which brings me to exhibit No. 54267 in the case against amateurism: The new thing in college football is apparently to have the best Twitter/Facebook/Snapchat game.
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Unlike so many recordings of English works from earlier generations of conductor-knights, with their whiff of patrician amateurism, Mr. Elder's are distinguished by their preparation and refinement.
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"This amateurism, it's the sign of the crisis of the French political system," said Dominique Reynié, a political scientist at Sciences Po, referring to the protesters' loose organization.
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Occasio-Cortez's suggestion that we might face apocalypse in a dozen years added to the program a gleeful amateurism that makes supporters of radical action look, yes, juvenile.
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While universities are currently permitted to provide a free education for student-athletes in the form of scholarships, the NCAA model is based on the idea of amateurism.
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The amateurism rules were much stricter for Olympic athletes in those days, so to make a living I needed a day job — I couldn't make any money from running.
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For now, Republicans will be relieved that the final night of the convention was not hit by the chaos and accusations of amateurism that afflicted it at other times.
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After a three-week trial in June 2014, Claudia Wilken, the federal judge hearing the case, ruled that the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules did indeed violate the antitrust laws.
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Public and media opinion is slowly turning against amateurism—when you've lost TIME magazine, you haven't lost America, but you're certainly looking up at a deficit on the scoreboard.
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Are you going to prioritize amateurism through possibly an antitrust exemption from Congress, or are you going to fight against budget cuts to research funding to your member institutions?
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Here were all the issues of big-time college sports laid bare: Should amateurism be curbed in college sports, allowing athletes a cut of the money they help produce?
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Rebellious runners like John Tarrant gatecrashed races as a political statement, in protest of rules about amateurism that limited how much money athletes could earn in appearance fees and endorsements.
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The conceit for the original article was to imagine that the N.C.A.A.'s "amateurism" model — which, of course, enables that exploitation — had magically disappeared, finally allowing athletes to be paid.
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For more than a century, "for love of the game" propaganda romanticizing amateurism in NCAA Division I sports has been force-fed to fans, coaches, administrators, and college athletes alike.
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Look, I know college sports are rife with problems, and I know amateurism as a concept is deeply flawed and utterly outdated and deserves a thorough and deep re-examination.
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Patrick Hruby took on NCAA hypocrisy and the way big money college programs use a convenient and invented notion of "amateurism" to shield themselves from having to pay student athletes.
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For the O'Bannon plaintiffs, an appeal brings the risk that the Supreme Court could overrule the Ninth Circuit and conclude that the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules are legal after all.
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Last summer, the N.C.A.A. met with the sites to try to persuade them to no longer offer fantasy contests involving college athletes, who are governed by N.C.A.A. rules enforcing amateurism.
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Sure there are some lousy things about sports—the whole notion of "amateurism," the threat of debilitating injury, the New England Patriots—but on the whole, sports are a plus.
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Another lawsuit against the NCAA was coming, this one directly challenging amateurism, and led by high-powered sports attorney Jeffrey Kessler, who previously had helped NFL players achieve free agency.
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"Our antitrust laws promote vigorous competition and are flexible enough to take into account amateurism as one of many market characteristics that may drive demand for college sports," Delrahim said.
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Wilken determined that amateurism was crucial to college sports' commercial appeal and allowed it to compete with professional sports, even if doing so required it to apparently violate antitrust law.
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But under the Pac-12's watch, collegiate eSports could have to face an interesting question: Do teams get involved if they have to live under the financial restraints of amateurism?
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At the same time, the association's system is slowly-but-surely cultivating athletes who value education and are (ironically) putting what they learn to good use in the fight against amateurism.
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Were the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules outlawing pay for athletes a necessary component of college sports, helping ensure competitive balance and providing the special sauce that persuaded fans to love it?
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In order to justify college sports amateurism before both federal antitrust judges and the general public, people such as Emmert pretend that big-time college football is like the first scenario.
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It could not justify holding out for another 20 years under the auspices of amateurism, as college football did; it was a zero-sum game that required a zero-sum result.
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Most of the musical sequences are creaky, but not that far from some of what Damien Chazelle was going for with the singing and dancing in "La La Land": passionate amateurism.
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The NCAA took a major hit in the O'Bannon case when the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in 2015 that the association's amateurism rules are not immune from antitrust scrutiny.
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Williamson's wardrobe malfunction — and the related knee sprain — had kicked off a round of soul-searching about the influence of shoe companies in college sports and the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules.
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In recent years, journalists and lawmakers have scolded the NCAA for policing amateurism with a heavy hand while failing to protect college athletes from brain trauma, sham educations and sexual abuse.
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The episode crystallized the economic limitations that N.C.A.A. amateurism and N.B.A. rules impose on Williamson, a preternatural talent, and the unique ways that they limit the income of a unique player.
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College basketball fans know Jay Bilas for his insightful ESPN commentary, hawkish criticism of the NCAA's amateurism model and morning ritual of tweeting a lyric by the trap rap legend Young Jeezy.
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Given the ease of acquiring weapons in Brazil's major cities, the connection was dismissed by many as a greater sign of the group's amateurism than the dangers of the tri-border area.
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The act provided athletes a somewhat improved legal framework by not requiring amateurism for international competition, thus allowing them to earn prize money and appearance fees at races and pursue endorsement opportunities.
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It was a perverse mix of brazen commercialism and the infliction of genuine pain: the amateurism of the performers translated into a brawling performance that left most people in the crowd delighted.
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Because the NCAA is a private entity and athletes work for what they receive from their schools, attitudes toward amateurism shouldn't be tangled up with conservative distaste for government and wealth redistribution.
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But whilst boxing has long been a sport in which the very best athletes become very rich, it is also one of the few that has clung onto the idea of amateurism.
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In different ways, the players' experiences Saturday shed light on the awkward and dangerous aerobics that N.F.L. eligibility requirements, N.C.A.A. amateurism rules and the nature of football itself impose on top prospects.
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The N.C.A.A.'s Division I manual is a thick anthology of guidelines, but Article 12, which covers amateurism and athletic eligibility, is under the greatest scrutiny by elected officials across the country.
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Bush's return highlights the dance U.S.C. has had to perform in permanently disassociating from him, as N.C.A.A. penalties mandated in 2010 after Bush was found to have violated the organization's amateurism rules.
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Plus, an ongoing spat protest in major college football or men's basketball—at one school or a dozen—could trigger a media frenzy of unflattering coverage highlighting the hypocritical absurdity of NCAA amateurism.
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In the interwar period, socialist parties and trade unions held the International Workers' Olympics as an alternate to the Olympic Games, which, at the time, was very much into the whole amateurism thing.
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Bevin just WENT OFF about the current state of college basketball -- slamming the way the NCAA treats players ... and explaining why the concept of amateurism in top-tier college sports is a lie.
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Ferguson did not seem to regret missing out on college, and he added his voice to a growing chorus of critics who see the N.C.A.A. as a bastion of obsolete concepts of amateurism.
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Amateurism rules restrain campus athletes—and only campus athletes, not campus musicians or campus writers—from earning a free-market income, accepting whatever money, goods, or services someone else wants to give them.
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It has yet to rule whether esports properly fits within its obdurate (some might say antiquated) framework for amateurism, equal opportunity and fair play, or if esports should even qualify as a sport.
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Until a federal court has the guts to enforce antitrust law and overturn amateurism, the NCAA system will remain financially stacked against the athletes who make the billions of dollars flowing through it possible.
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RIO DE JANEIRO — The International Olympic Committee has been ripping down the vestiges of amateurism for decades, paving the way for professionals like Michael Jordan, Serena Williams and Sidney Crosby to win gold medals.
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" Sports historian Allen Guttmann explains that in its earliest institution, rules of amateurism were invented by the Victorian middle and upper classes to "exclude the 'lower orders' from the play of the leisure class.
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NCAA amateurism rules prohibit all of the above, generally limiting athlete compensation for playing sports to the value of an athletic scholarship: room, board, tuition, and in some cases a small cost-of-attendance stipend.
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Because he plied his amateur career in an era when amateurism entailed precisely that — athletes were barred from earning money from their sports — Chapot made his living in those years as a leather-goods salesman.
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The NCAA does have its critics — for its archaic view of amateurism, to its random and mismanaged enforcement of its bylaws — but the organization does have a record of taking substantive stands on social issues.
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They also might help the NCAA receive a coveted antitrust exemption, which would allow the organization to maintain college sports amateurism and the financial control that comes with it, regardless of contrary federal court decisions.
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It is fruitful to remember the efficacy of Napier's comments, because we are at a moment when it appears that further reform to college sports' much-maligned policy of amateurism will come only from within.
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Today, the N.C.A.A. defends its amateurism rules as a means to "protect" student-athletes rather than to exclude the wrong sort of people, and open defenses of segregated teams are treated as embarrassing historical footnotes.
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And their model at the Henley Regatta of amateurism was, not only could you not compete if you'd ever taken money or won money for being a rower, but if you'd ever done manual labor. Seriously!
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O'Bannon — named for the lead plaintiff, the former U.C.L.A. basketball star Ed O'Bannon — was the lawsuit brought in 2009 and tried in 2014 that offered the first serious legal challenge to the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules.
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Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker described campus amateurism as a regressive wealth transfer from mostly poor African-American athletes and their families to mostly well-off white managers, non-revenue sport athletes and their families.
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At times it's unclear whether this is a deliberate strategy to drive everyone crazy and "heighten the contradictions" or, more likely, just the inevitable consequence of the Trump administration's unusual mix of amateurism, incompetence, and freneticism.
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Then last September, in what amounted to a government-backed attack on the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism model, California passed a law designed to guarantee that students would be able to cut endorsement deals and hire agents.
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Strip away amateurism, and assume that suddenly Stanford is spending so much money for Heisman Trophy contender Christian McCaffrey that it chooses not to fund the swim program that helped produce Rio Games gold medalist Simone Manuel.
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Courts and other ruling bodies have been reluctant to blow up the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism model, which was in place long before colleges used TV contracts, shoe company deals and sponsorship agreements to build a business empire.
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And to a larger extent, there is the disquieting reality that even as college sports continue to grow more lucrative, athletes still only see a tiny sliver of the profits due to the outdated precepts of amateurism.
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That uncertainty could actually lead to heavier lobbying by the NCAA and professional sports leagues to create a revised federal regulatory framework for sports betting and college sports amateurism before Gorsuch can weigh in on potential cases.
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Such offers are barred by N.C.A.A. rules, which require that college athletes adhere to the association's policy of amateurism and not be compensated for their participation in their sport beyond a scholarship and related costs of attendance.
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Although the latest NLRB memo will likely serve as only a short-lived victory for college athletes seeking greater legal protections, it is undeniable that Griffin's bold stance is another sign that the NCAA's amateurism shield is crumbling.
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Patrick Hruby While the NCAA's rules governing college athletes are colorblind, the impact of amateurism is anything but—disproportionately costing black football and men's basketball players and benefiting white stakeholders by as much as $2 billion a year.
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Its central question is whether the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules — which currently restrict compensation for college athletes to a scholarship and a few thousand dollars to cover the "full cost of attendance" — are unreasonably and perhaps illegally restrictive.
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Judge Opens the Door to More Compensation for College Athletes A federal judge in California found that the N.C.A.A.'s rules on amateurism violate antitrust law but she limited the scope of any compensation to education-related expenses.
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Lots of people are familiar with the criticism of the IOC having done its deal with money, the end of amateurism, the arrival of sponsors, commercialization, which is essentially a phenomenon of the late 22022s and early 1990s onwards.
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Once upon a time, the problem with Olympic hockey was its ban on professional athletes, a rule that, though motivated by a noble ideal of amateurism, kept out North America's best players and thus made the Soviet teams dominant.
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The suit, known as Alston after a lead plaintiff, argued that the N.C.A.A.'s rules barring payments to players — the center of what the association terms the collegiate model, and what is broadly known as amateurism — was illegal collusion.
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For an association that is frequently a ripe target for critics of its policy of amateurism — which bars athletes from compensation beyond scholarships and associated costs — its stance on these laws has frequently prompted a different, more positive response.
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Most of the attention in college sports goes to the coaches and the schools rather than the players, for obvious reasons: the fiction of amateurism, the fact the schools and coaches are the only constant while players come and go.
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Yet by fulfilling the NCAA's oft-stated educational ideals, Stanley is a living, breathing case study—the kind you might read about in a Notre Dame business class—in why the association's reasoning for its amateurism restrictions makes no sense.
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The fig leaf of college amateurism rests on the following bargain: a young person gives their time and their body so that the university can try to make money, whether by pure revenue sports, or by knock-on 'brand' enrichment.
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And here, in offering LITERALLY THE CHEAPEST HOT FOOD HE POSSIBLY COULD to these players who have just beaten the most dominant football program of their generation, DJT has inadvertently given us the ultimate metaphor for the sham of amateurism.
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Currently, amateurism in major college sports functions as a de facto racial wealth transfer, redistributing what I estimate to be $2.2 billion annually from black football and men's basketball players to predominantly white administrators, coaches, and non-revenue sport athletes.
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"It's really student-athlete-friendly," Jim Haney, executive director of the National Association of Basketball Coaches, said, casting the rule as another concession the college sports establishment has made as advocates clamor for the rules of amateurism to be relaxed.
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Nevertheless, they help show what amateurism costs the average African-American major college football or basketball player: somewhere between $500,513 to $1 million over a four-season campus career, a tidy sum that those same athletes will never, ever get back.
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At the same time, the college sports establishment has indicated no movement toward reforming the economic system that appeared to prompt the scheme: multimillion-dollar apparel sponsorships; huge financial incentives to win big; and amateurism rules that bar paying players.
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The complaints depict a thriving black market for teenage athletes, one in which coaches, agents, financial advisers and shoe company employees trade on the trust of players and exploit their inability to be openly compensated because of N.C.A.A. amateurism rules.
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While the Olympic definition of amateurism was seen as a way to not discriminate against the 'lower orders,' it instead emphasized that those who did not have personal wealth or leisure would not be able to support themselves with their sport.
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He laid out all the things he felt were wrong with the N.C.A.A., from the lack of due process it afforded athletes and coaches it investigated, to absurd amateurism rules that regulated how many times an athlete could eat at someone's house.
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The Board of Governors will be briefed Tuesday by administrators who have been examining whether it would be feasible to allow athletes to profit from their names, images and likenesses while still preserving NCAA amateurism rules that are the bedrock of its existence.
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During the O'Bannon trial, Stanford University athletic director and amateurism advocate Bernard Muir was questioned by players' attorney Renae Steiner about computer-science students at his school earning income from software they developed in class, a pretty fair analogue for playing revenue sports.
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First things first: Let us get the nakedly cynical money-grab element of this trend out of the way, and let us acknowledge the ongoing unseemliness of college football continuing to gradually professionalize itself while simultaneously clinging to the notion of amateurism.
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The NCAA has only doled out this so-called "death penalty" one time, and it was for something far less damaging than Baylor's current problems—SMU putting its football players on a payroll, thereby violating the sacred tenets of college sports amateurism.
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In 2014, a federal judge decided the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules violated antitrust law and said universities could — but were not required to — pay football and male basketball players up to $5,000 per year for use of their names, images and likenesses.
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Allowing eSports players to be paid would discredit the NCAA's oft-used theory that athletes cannot be regular students if they accept money, and it would lend credence to the plaintiffs' point that the definition of amateurism changes whenever schools see fit.
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When lacrosse player Tehoka Nanticoke of the University at Albany was briefly suspended last season for the amateurism violation of adding the hashtag of a stick-stringing company to a post on his popular Instagram account, it made NCAA rules look petty.
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These movies were for the most part not intended for viewing by the public, let alone alongside other works, and taken together they run the gamut from amateurism to outsider art, from arcana to valuable additions to the oeuvres of established experimental filmmakers.
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Media power players show great fascination in the stuff — particularly after the financial success of "Fifty Shades of Grey," the B.D.S.M.-lite series that started as erotic "Twilight" fan fiction — even as they rib its literary amateurism and recoil at its sexual taboos.
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The year started with touted recruits roaming the hinterlands of eligibility and will end with some of the country's best teams disqualified from the postseason due to various strains of misconduct, and all this will continue to unfold within a self-parodying system of amateurism.
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Still, it is these games that may have helped to trigger a revolution: O'Bannon saw his likeness being used in one and filed an antitrust suit which may soon be considered by the Supreme Court and could wind up leveling the notion of amateurism altogether.
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While the Olympics once celebrated amateurism, nowadays the biggest names at the Games — like Michael Phelps in swimming, the Jamaican Usain Bolt in track and the American Kerri Walsh Jennings in beach volleyball — are able to secure multimillion-dollar endorsement deals after winning Olympic gold.
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This is a very logical idea that would be a no-brainer in any other part of our supposedly capitalist society, but of course, we're talking about college football, which is somehow different because 19th Century English aristocrats made up the concept of amateurism.
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As he wrote earlier this year: College sports games were the one form of NCAA exploitation that players had a clear right to refuse, but the case was always about shining a spotlight on that exploitation and the hypocrisy underneath college sports' veneer of amateurism.
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A half-hour-long vamp would seem to all but mandate some vocal gymnastics from the singer, but Kjartansson, whose boyish, unassuming presence and somewhat ungainly body suggest a studied amateurism, refuses to transform or even vary the simplicity of the phrase being sung.
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But perhaps the NCAA should take note of the absurd priorities its prized amateurism rules create for its member schools: pay for satellite camps—and all sorts of other direct and indirect recruiting crap—because you can't just pay the athletes you're trying to sign.
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"This model of amateurism forces kids to take any means necessary to get noticed for the next level, because that's the only way you can monetize that skill," said Joel Klatt, a Fox Sports analyst and former college quarterback who outspokenly defended Bryant's decision.
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The NCAA fights tooth and nail for amateurism, an arguably illegal system of inarguable economic control; player-friendly reforms such as cost-of-living stipends and the ability to even offer four-year scholarships have come only as a result of legal defeats and public shamings.
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Emmert can't say that out loud, because then he'd be admitting that amateurism is a sham; on the other hand, he can't really hide the fact, because even colluding college sports administrators know that punching the clock during what's supposed to be a vacation really, truly sucks.
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When amateurism was fashioned out of whole cloth by Victorian-era English aristocrats, its ethos was strictly classist: snobby upper-class rowers didn't want to compete against unwashed bricklayers and factory workers, and concocting an ersatz Greek athletic ideal of no-pay-for-play provided convenient justification.
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Although Gorsuch declined to find antitrust violations in these instances, there is nothing in his published jurisprudence that would suggest he would not at least openly consider challenges by NCAA athletes based on economic analysis, rather than merely siding with preserving the antiquated notion of amateurism.
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Partly out of institutional pride, and partly out of a need to maintain the amateurism-supporting fiction that athletes are regular students who just happen to be extremely good at sports, schools refuse to acknowledge that, say, a star basketball player has a sixth-grade reading level.
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In any event, "Pay them through an educational experience" is a classic line straight from Amateurism 101, a course Manuel has obviously taken, during which I'm sure he received no monetary compensation because he was being paid through an educational experience like Michigan does all the time.
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After all, this is the same multibillion-dollar industry that claims in federal antitrust court that its primary purpose is education, all while punishing amateurism violations by stripping athletic programs of scholarships, each one a lost opportunity for a potential college athlete to pursue a degree.
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I can still get lost in a game for a few hours and it's not like I'm leaning over to strangers at bars and whispering, "amateurism is a scam" after every made basket, but this is the first time I've felt this nihilistic about college basketball and it sucks.
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Though the courts have chipped away at the N.C.A.A.'s powers, they have largely refrained from upending the amateurism model that was put in place long before lucrative television contracts, shoe company deals and sponsorships agreements for football and men's basketball built college sports into a billion-dollar empire.
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But after a decade of amateurism, scams and billions of dollars of lost or stolen money, it is clear that many of the ramshackle institutions that play the role of banks in the cryptocurrency world make even their most reckless conventional counterparts look like paragons of good management.
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At issue is whether the N.C.A.A., an organization whose stated mission is largely to enforce ideals specific to college sports such as competitive balance and amateurism, has the wherewithal and heft to manage a complex investigation outside its expertise while juggling several other inquiries at the same time.
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In federal antitrust court, the organization has argued that without its amateurism rules, college sports would be badly harmed: Athletes wouldn't study, fans wouldn't watch, and a handful of rich schools would buy up all of the best players in the kind of bidding wars now reserved for coaches.
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It was theatrical, audacious and definitively feminist: a work of stark symbolism and detailed scholarship, of elaborate ceramics and needlework that also nodded to the traditional amateurism of those forms, a communal project that was the realization of one woman's uncompromisingly grand vision, inviting both awe and identification.
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But in her address to supporters there Thursday morning, she was clearly anticipating the general election fight, presenting the contest as a stark choice—not between isolationism and interventionism, or other competing schools of international relations thought, but between her own hard-earned competence and Trump's rank amateurism.
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"I don't want to exaggerate this as being a reason for saying [amateurism] rules should be struck down, but I certainly believe there could be some academic benefit for letting students be compensated," says Jeffrey Kessler, the lead attorney on the Jenkins case that's seeking free agency in college sports.
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Thanks to amateurism—the sacred moral and educational principle of college athletes being allowed to earn whatever amount a cartel of schools agrees to allow them to earn—the only cash payment athletes can receive is the gap between their athletic scholarships and the actual cost of attending their universities.
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One of Hayward Field's most famous stars, Steve Prefontaine, railed against the Amateur Athletic Union in the 1970s over its definition of "amateurism," criticizing the group for not permitting athletes to be paid for appearances at track meets and therefore substantially hampering their ability to earn a living from the sport.
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"The N.C.A.A.'s recent move to permit student athletes to benefit from their name, image and likeness illustrates that the untenable amateurism model is simply a smoke screen used to protect the pockets of the N.C.A.A. and its member schools," said Michael J. Willemin of the Manhattan firm Wigdor Law LLP.
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Maybe this is deliberate amateurism, a nod to B-movie sci-fi, but it undercuts some of the more affecting moments in "Black Friday"— as when the camera pulls back to show the small silhouette of a woman in a black abaya who has collapsed on a vast marble floor.
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The core question is whether the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism rules, which currently restrict compensation for college athletes to a scholarship and a few thousand dollars to cover the full cost of attendance, are a necessary component of college sports to help ensure competitive balance, or are unreasonable and, perhaps, illegally restrictive.
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The game will be the culmination of another successful season for a cash-rich campus athletics industry—and thanks to the NCAA's longstanding amateurism rules, which apply to college athletes and no one else in America, the lion's share of that money will flow from the former group to the latter.
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Southall, whose institute is now housed at the University of South Carolina, said he gave the group a "primer" on college sports, with the thesis that scandals are the regular, inevitable consequence of the conflict between the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism model and market forces such as fan interest and player value.
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Not only has Apple slowly been building toward this level of photography with the iPhone for the better part of a decade, but the blurring of the lines between professionalism and amateurism — laying a friendly, simple veneer atop dizzying and complex technology — has been a hallmark of Apple's innovation since its inception.
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But for argument's sake, and because the association is not going to let go of amateurism until federal antitrust courts make it, let's put aside the filthy unspeakable horror of athletes getting gifts and loans from prospective business partners and instead focus on football underclassmen becoming ineligible merely by declaring for the draft.
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But Remy said NCAA officials remain pleased that the 9th Circuit "agreed with us that amateurism is an essential component of college sports and that NCAA members should not be forced by the courts to provide benefits untethered to education, including providing any payments beyond the full cost of attendance," Remy said.
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"The NCAA's recent move to permit student athletes to benefit from their name, image and likeness illustrates that the untenable amateurism model is simply a smokescreen used to protect the pockets of the NCAA and its member schools," said Michael Willemin, a partner at Wigdor Law, the firm that is representing Johnson.
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I'm going to include his full quote from the Detroit News article because it, too, is pretty Peak Amateurism: So, while the athletic director tried to justify this program by comparing it to study abroad programs—something universities have been doing for almost as long as they've existed—Harbaugh thinks it's an innovation.
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Not only because no one else in America applies the same moralizing standard to their own compensation and consumption—let me know when Wall Street traders decline their bonuses because they might pay for strippers and blow—but also because it, like so many of the NCAA's doomsday arguments for maintaining amateurism, is purely hypothetical.
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Point is, amateurism is a word fart expelled after wolfing down a nothingburger, a Potemkin concept so empty that even the International Olympic Committee—a group of be-blazered blowhards blithely self-important enough to fancy their quadrennial reality show cum international municipal looting an honest-to-goodness movement—has no use for it.
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Like most elite young athletes, Noh's cohort exists in a state of nebulous amateurism by virtue of their age and abilities: they're near-full-time athletes who, if they want to attend and play at an American university, must meet the NCAA's byzantine academic requirements and cannot accept payments from tournaments, agents, or sponsors.
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But one of the commission's express charges is to examine the N.C.A.A.'s relationship with the N.B.A. It is difficult not to notice that much of the corruption that federal prosecutors and the F.B.I. outlined in September depended on the combination of amateurism and one-season college players already thinking ahead to their pro careers.
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But it would also challenge the system of amateurism that has governed college sports for decades, risking N.C.A.A. fines "potentially in the tens of millions of dollars" for California schools whose athletes decide to monetize their renown, according to an analysis by the California State Assembly's staff, and even risking their teams' eligibility to compete.
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A freakish injury to Duke's Zion Williamson, college basketball's best and most prominent player, only seconds into a game on Wednesday night has instantaneously renewed a debate about the contradictions of the sport's economic foundation, shining a harsh new light on the N.C.A.A.'s policy of amateurism and the influence of billion-dollar shoe companies.
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Simple. For decades, the NCAA and its member schools have been collecting rentier profits, ducking antitrust laws, and squashing the fundamental economic rights of college athletes by invoking the noble, immutable principle of amateurism: thou shalt not be paid to play sports if you're wearing the billboard uniform that Under Armor is paying us to dress you in.
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Moreover, McMillen says he has been lunching with the NCAA's top Washington lobbyist to better coordinate their work—and given that the association has spent tens of millions of dollars fighting legal challenges to amateurism, it's unlikely that work will involve calculating signing bonuses for the University of Kentucky's latest group of incoming men's basketball recruits.
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A 22-year-old business finance major from Toledo, Ohio, Hayes is a named plaintiff on a federal antitrust lawsuit brought by former Clemson football player Martin Jenkins against the NCAA and the five most profitable sports conferences, a class-action case that seeks to overturn amateurism rules and create a free market for football and men's basketball players.
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Duh. However, this same question figures to be at the heart a current federal lawsuit that is challenging the National Collegiate Athletic Association's amateurism rules—a case that threatens to blow up campus sports pay-for-play prohibitions as we know them, something the recent Ed O'Bannon suit and Northwestern University football team unionization push were unable to accomplish.
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Set against this, the Ivy League schedule is not only quaint, it is a reminder of how the N.C.A.A.'s amateurism model — which is under increasing attack from lawmakers and in the courts — has morphed players from a student-athlete prototype into something more resembling a student-employee, considering how many millions of dollars the players generate for universities.
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The first and most obvious reason this is a problem for the school is that he can't continue to generate revenue off of his videos without potentially running afoul of NCAA amateurism rules, even though it is an operation conducted on his own time and is the sort of business venture that any other college junior could profit from without repercussion.
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According to Vassar, Polisky called and told him that in order to keep his scholarship, he and his mother would be required to sign a Non-Participant Agreement that would allow Vassar to keep his athletic scholarship as long as he worked eight hours per week in the school's Wildcat Internship Program and remained compliant with NCAA rules, such as those regarding amateurism and drug testing.
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After all, central to the various plots sketched in three criminal complaints were agreements to pay precollege players under the table for the value they would produce for their college teams and would later earn for themselves in the N.B.A. Without restrictions, such valuable players could have leapt straight to the moneymaking N.B.A. (and without amateurism, their college teams might have legally offered them signing bonuses).
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In 2004, Congress passed the federal Sports Agent Responsibility and Trust Act, which essentially criminalized amateurism rules by making it illegal for agents to provide anything of value to college athletes or anyone associated with them; as recently as 2015, Georgia lawmakers made it a crime, punishable by up to a year in prison, for someone to entice campus athletes to break NCAA rules for money.
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The next-best thing to fulfilling your childhood dreams of becoming a pro athlete is to convince yourself you are just like a real NHL player by shoving the idea of being classy down the throats of young, talented people that love playing the game more than anything because you've heard someone like Hull say being openly happy is somehow a sign of immaturity or amateurism.
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For instance, in a reversal that reeks of amateurism, Republicans decided to change the very structure of their reform plan—from one that offers tax credits to all marketplace purchasers, to one that imposes a means test upon beneficiaries—because its haphazard original design promised not just to roll back the Obamacare coverage expansion, but to force millions of people off of their employer-sponsored coverage as well.
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In "Zion Williamson's Injury Has Some Saying He Should Quit Duke," Marc Tracy writes: A freakish injury to Duke's Zion Williamson, college basketball's best and most prominent player, only seconds into a game on Wednesday night has instantaneously renewed a debate about the contradictions of the sport's economic foundation, shining a harsh new light on the N.C.A.A.'s policy of amateurism and the influence of billion-dollar shoe companies.
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On College Basketball If the opinion published Friday night in a landmark college sports antitrust case were a novel, then its villain would be the N.C.A.A. In a novella-length 20153-page opinion, United States District Court Judge Claudia Wilken criticizes, berates, even mocks the N.C.A.A. for its refusal to allow colleges to compensate players for their valuable labor beyond a scholarship and related costs of attendance, all in the name of something they call amateurism.
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Before spatting, each participating athlete should send a signed Spat Notice letter to their athletic director (and local media), stating that: The school's shoe/apparel contract makes plain that the player is required to promote by wearing and displaying a logo; NCAA bylaws make plain that amateurism forbids players from commercial promotion; Player-school contracts do not require athletes to wear and display logos; As such, the undersigned athletes intend to spat their shoes and uniforms with logos for upcoming televised games, until and unless the school meets their demands.
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Here are the charges in the case that turned college basketball on its head, prompting fears that the ordinary way of doing business — quietly compensating top players in violation of N.C.A.A. amateurism rules — could lead not only to college discipline but to criminal penalties: The United States attorney for the Southern District of New York accused Adidas's former head of global basketball marketing, Jim Gatto; another former Adidas employee, Merl Code Jr.; and an aspiring agent, Christian Dawkins, of committing fraud by scheming to funnel money from Adidas to the families of basketball recruits.
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